Wireless Technology Essay -- Network Congestion,

Wireless is a new engine room that allows users to access information and services no matter of the geographic position. People shadow utilize and surf the Internet with computers (e.g., laptop, palmtop, smart phone and PDA) whenever and wherever possible. In general, radio communicate can be categorise into two types infrastructure network and ad hoc network. Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous group of mobile users who air through relatively bandwidth constrained receiving set links. Since the hosts are mobile, the network topology may transplant rapidly and unpredictably over time 3. Congestion in a network may choke if the load on the network (the numbers of packets send to the network) is greater than the capacity of the network (the number of packets a network can handle). Thus network over-crowding can severely increase delay and packet loss and reduced network throughput. Congestion control refers to techniques and mechanisms that can either pr neverthe lesst congestion to begin with it happens, or remove congestion after it happened. The main objective of congestion control is to limit the delay and wing overflow caused by network congestion and provide better performance of the network 6. In wire line networks, congestion control is implemented at the transport layer and is often intentional separately from functions of other layers 20. However, these congestion control techniques do not apply directly to adhoc networks because the ad hoc network is challenged by limited wireless bandwidth, power constraints, bridle-path failures due to node mobility and limited buffer size. The final result is high packet-loss rate, re-routing instability, loss of energy, bandwidth and retransmission of lost packets, which means that even mo... ...ne ( warn_line= queue_size/2), hence the nodes congestion situation becomes Zone I (safe zone). The average queue length greater than Minth and less than Maxth, then the nodes congestion statu s becomes Zone-II (likely to be engorged zone) and initiates alter path discovery mechanism. In mean time, the instant queue size is greater than Maxth due to weight of incoming traffic and the status of alternate path discovery becomes false. In this situation our algorithm introduce queue utilization parameter consists of three ranges 85%queuesize, 87.5%queuesize, 90%queuesize which will help to change Maxth values dynamically until alternate path discovery becomes true. Finally average queue length is greater than Maxth, then the nodes congestion status becomes Zone III(congested zone). The algorithm of dynamic congestion detection algorithm is shown in Fig.1. Wireless Technology Essay -- Network Congestion, Wireless is a new technology that allows users to access information and services regardless of the geographic position. People can utilize and surf the Internet with computers (e.g., laptop, palmtop, smart phone and PDA) whenever and wherever possible. In general, wireless network can be classified into two types infrastructure network and ad hoc network. Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous group of mobile users who communicate through relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links. Since the hosts are mobile, the network topology may change rapidly and unpredictably over time 3. Congestion in a network may occur if the load on the network (the numbers of packets send to the network) is greater than the capacity of the network (the number of packets a network can handle). Thus network congestion can severely increase delay and packet loss and reduced network throughput. Congestion control refers to techniques and mechanisms that can either prevent congestion before it happens, or remove congestion after it happened. The main objective of congestion control is to limit the delay and buffer overflow caused by network congestion and provide better performance of the network 6. In wire line networks, congestion control is i mplemented at the transport layer and is often designed separately from functions of other layers 20. However, these congestion control techniques do not apply directly to adhoc networks because the ad hoc network is challenged by limited wireless bandwidth, power constraints, route failures due to node mobility and limited buffer size. The final result is high packet-loss rate, re-routing instability, loss of energy, bandwidth and retransmission of lost packets, which means that even mo... ...ne ( warn_line= queue_size/2), then the nodes congestion status becomes Zone I (safe zone). The average queue length greater than Minth and less than Maxth, then the nodes congestion status becomes Zone-II (likely to be congested zone) and initiates alternate path discovery mechanism. In mean time, the instant queue size is greater than Maxth due to heaviness of incoming traffic and the status of alternate path discovery becomes false. In this situation our algorithm introduce queue utiliz ation parameter consists of three ranges 85%queuesize, 87.5%queuesize, 90%queuesize which will help to change Maxth values dynamically until alternate path discovery becomes true. Finally average queue length is greater than Maxth, then the nodes congestion status becomes Zone III(congested zone). The algorithm of dynamic congestion detection algorithm is shown in Fig.1.

Criminal Trial Process Paper :: essays research papers

Criminal Trial Process PaperIntroductionIn Canada, our criminal trial process is based around an adversarial arrangement. What this mean is that the disputants are represented by professionals in the field of law. These professionals are called lawyers. The lawyers work so that the truth of the trial is brought forward and justice is served for the greater community. In the adversarial system it is believed that the search for truth is best served by the parties themselves, finished their lawyers and not through the judge. This means that lawyers determine the issue in dispute and decide the best mood to argue them. Judges generally play a very passive role in the trial process. Their job is merely to ensure a reasonably trial for the accused, and to make an unbiased, neutral decision at the end of the trial. This decision is based upon the evidence brought forward by the two teams of lawyers during the criminal trial.Key PlayersIn the adversarial system there are three, and so metimes four key players that make up the criminal trial process. These key players are the Crown lawyer, the defence lawyer and the judge or justice or the court. There is however in some cases juries involved in the trial process as well. The Crown attorney represents what is seen as the king or queen of the country, however they in actual fact represent the police officers and other law enforcers as well as the general public. The Crown has a very difficult and burdening job. They mustiness find the accused, which is the person being charged, guilty of committing the crime. This decision must be considered and thought to be without a reasonable doubt. Reasonable doubt is a very hard concept to define. It is based around the golden thread of English law, the accused is presumed truthful until proven guilty by his or her accuser. The courts, themselves can not even come up with an exact definition, but have tried their best through this explanation. The concept of whether or not the general public would see as a calmative group a bona fide and required limit on the situation. This limit must be logical and for the purpose of a greater good. Thus the Crown attorney carries an extremely heavy burden when attempting to find the accused guilty of his or her charges. This is thought to give the accused the fairest trial possible.

Pursuing a Degree in Criminal Justice Essay -- Criminal Justice

Today our world is filled with crime. The people committing these crimes must have a consequence for their illegal actions. The system in organize to keeping everything fair and dear is called the criminal justice system. This was put in place to ensure there is fairness and justice served to people who break the laws model up by the government. Criminal justice is one of the most important majors one can study due to the necessity to keep the streets safe and clean. From street cops, to state troopers all the way to criminal psychologists the criminal justice system is a very important part of modern society as it keeps us safe from murders, rapists and various other criminals. The street cops are the ones that are out on our streets protecting every citizen. It can be as mere(a) as writing a parking ticket on a car that is illegally parked, to arresting murderers and rapist in a quiet approach in the suburbs. The cops are the ones that are keeping our streets more safe for fam ilies everywhere. The main thing I want to learn about Criminal referee is where I can go with my degree. By studying criminal justice I would like to be able to pursue my dreams of becoming a Drug enforcement promoter so that I can help make neighborhoods safe and take bad people off the public streets. The mission of Franklin Pierce Universities Criminal referee Program is to produce graduates who have demonstrated competency in administration of justice, corrections, criminological theory, and law enforcement the program provides students with essential knowledge in the areas of policing, courts and corrections inside a solid liberal arts framework. Special attention is given to career roles, social interaction and social forces that contribute to so... ...eb. 30 Mar. 2010. .2.Criminal Justice Careers /Jobs Information. Direct Degree Associate, Bachelor and Online Degree Programs. Web. 30 Mar. 2010. .3.Criminal Justice System - Structural And Theoretical Components Of Crimi nal Justice Systems, The Systems In Operation, The Importance Of think Criminal Justice As A System. Law Library - American Law and Legal Information. Web. 30 Mar. 2010. .4.Criminal Justice System Processing Flowchart. search Brought To Life Florida State University College of Criminology & Criminal Justice. Web. 30 Mar. 2010. .5. Franklin Pierce University Academic Catalog 2009-2010

College Admissions Essay: Music is Life :: College Admissions Essays

Music is Life Music has always been an important crack of my life. During high school I have move uped areas of attend to and leadership through interests in children and gardening, which will continue to be major parts of my life. I began taking violin lessons at the age of four and have since shared my music with others in many ways. I have been in the community orchestra at Jacksonville University and am in the initial violin section of the University of North Floridas string ensemble. When I performed on violin for 4-Hs Share the Fun event, I placed first at the county and district levels and second at the state level, and was later asked to play at the 4-H Foundation Dinner and two Volunteer Recognition Dinners. The most erratic playing job I have had was when I played for a sale at Rhodes Furniture I have had several wonderful opportunities to run low with children. At my school I enjoyed helping teach a young childrens music class by playing songs for them, telling them about the violin, and helping them develop a love of beautiful music. I would enjoy continuing this as an adult. Last year I helped a kindergarten teacher in an underprivileged school, stapling written document and supervising children. I most enjoyed helping small groups learn the alphabet, supervising two children at a time as they tried to match the capital letter and lowercase letters and fall upon each letter. My interest in plants came through watching and helping my grandmother in her gardens. Last summer, Jacksonvilles historic Cummer Gardens needed workers, so I began volunteering there for several hours each week, planting new flowers, removing old ones, mulching, and weeding. My work there has inspired me to volunteer in other public gardens, much(prenominal) as those in libraries and nursing homes, in the future. Several years ago I became involved in 4-H and entered their Horticulture Identification and Judging Competition. This program helped me learn how to identify many plants by their leaves, flowers, and other distinctive parts. I placed high in both county and district events, leading my team to the state level tilt two years in succession. Last year I put my expertise to practical use when I organized a 4-H community service project and volunteered in the Cummer Gardens in Jacksonville. In my community service project I taught two 4-H clubs how to plant and take care of potted pothos vines.

The Ultimate Rifle Essay -- Technological Innovations, Advancements

In todays world technology is constantly changing and evolving, at the forefront of technological innovation is the United States Military. The US multitude has lead major break troughs with satellites, GPS, aerospace engineering, marine exploration, and of course weaponry. In recent years a major weapons manufacturer named Heckler and Koch began designing and testing a new rifle that would retire the militarys standard issued M4. The proposed weapon is the H&K XM8. This rifle is more versatile, more reliable, and designed to better jibe the soldiers carrying it than the militarys standard issued M4 and because of this the XM8 will help save lives.The XM8 is one of the most versatile weapons ever created. The XM8 is capable of exchanging interchangeable assembly groups consisting of the barrel, lower receiver, surpass guard, butt stock modules, and sighting system (XM8 Lightweight Carbine. xx). Thats not all, the XM8 is also capable of under barrel attachments such as the XM320 40 mm grenade launcher and the XM26 standard lightweight shotgun system which can be added in the field without tools. The XM8 allows for the exchange of these butt stocks the standard collapsible multi-positional version, an optional butt cap for portability, or a sniper butt stock with and adjustable cheek enchantment (Military Gear public eye XM-8 Rifle). By allowing for different stocks the XM8 is capable of maximum comfort and performance for different situations. Being uncomfortable in a stressful situation is distracting, much like having a rock stuck in your shoe or a piece of food stuck between your teeth, only now the weapon that is your first line of protection is what is distracting you and putting your life in jeopardy. The XM8 essentially ensures t... ...tp//ezproxy.wnc.edu2312/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e8a16477-59f6-4978-98b2-f7773ede5fcb%40sessionmgr113&vid=7&hid=112.LEAVE inductance ASSEMBLY ALONE. PS Preventive Maintenance Monthly. Oct. 2005 18. Web. 14 May 14. .Military. XM8 Lightweight Carbine. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 May 2014. .Military Gear Spotlight XM-8 Rifle. Military Gear Spotlight XM-8 Rifle. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 May 2014. .US Army Reviews OICW Programme. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 May 2014. .

The Ultimate Rifle Essay -- Technological Innovations, Advancements

In todays world technology is constantly changing and evolving, at the forefront of technological intent is the United States Military. The US military has lead major break troughs with satellites, GPS, aerospace engineering, marine exploration, and of course weaponry. In recent years a major weapons manufacturer named heckler and Koch began designing and testing a new rifle that would retire the militarys standard issued M4. The proposed weapon is the H&K XM8. This rifle is more than versatile, more reliable, and designed to better suit the soldiers carrying it than the militarys standard issued M4 and because of this the XM8 will help save lives.The XM8 is one of the most versatile weapons ever created. The XM8 is capable of exchanging joint assembly groups consisting of the barrel, lower receiver, hand guard, butt stock modules, and sighting system (XM8 Lightweight Carbine. xx). Thats not all, the XM8 is also capable of under barrel attachments such(prenominal) as the XM320 40 mm grenade launcher and the XM26 modular lightweight shotgun system which can be added in the field without tools. The XM8 allows for the exchange of these butt stocks the standard collapsible multi-positional version, an optional butt cap for portability, or a sniper butt stock with and adjustable cheek piece (Military Gear billet XM-8 Rifle). By allowing for different stocks the XM8 is capable of maximum comfort and performance for various situations. Being uncomfortable in a stressful situation is distracting, much like having a rock stuck in your clothe or a piece of food stuck between your teeth, only now the weapon that is your first line of protection is what is distracting you and putting your life in jeopardy. The XM8 essentially ensures t... ...tp//ezproxy.wnc.edu2312/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e8a16477-59f6-4978-98b2-f7773ede5fcb%40sessionmgr113&vid=7&hid=112.LEAVE TRIGGER ASSEMBLY ALONE. PS Preventive Maintenance Monthly. Oct. 2005 18. Web. 14 May 14. .Military. XM8 Lightweight Carbine. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 May 2014. .Military Gear Spotlight XM-8 Rifle. Military Gear Spotlight XM-8 Rifle. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 May 2014. .US Army Reviews OICW Programme. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 May 2014. .

How Effective Is Homeschooling Essay

Education is a basic requirement for inculcating civic, moral and intellectual faculties of a human being. While im scattering education in a man setup is the commonest of all methodologies adopted orbitwide, study at home under the guidance of p bents and/or professional teachers is also a widespread practice. Popularly referred to as homeschooling, this system of learning has come to the fore replacing formal educational methodologies.The history of homeschooling dates back to the 1920s, but the real revolution occurred in the 1960s and the mid-seventies when the liberal alternative school movement was set rolling. Researching into the topic, it is evident that or so pargonnts opting for homeschooling fall under radical socialists and naturalists who do not hold in faith in the bureaucratic setup of the Ameri move society. Moreover, the gasping nature of fierce competition has also contributed to the withdrawal from traditional educational means.There are legal liabilities an d the issue of arbitrary schooling attendance as far as popular schooling is concerned. Albeit the environmental aspects and the mold of training are arguably in proximity with what push aside be termed as ideal in a public education system, galore(postnominal) parents in the United States of America deem it an added advantage for their kids that they should gain recover to a comprehensive educational repertoire at home. In matters of homeschooling, the legal issues involved with affiliation and certification are taken care of correspondence schools or umbrella schools.What set homeschooling distinctly apart from the conventional modes of education are facilities of unit studies, child-oriented educational materials and above all, constant parental supervision. This essay is going to handle elaborately on the efficacy of homeschooling and its relevance in the hustling ways of modern world. All the major school of thoughts propagated by scholars and researchers will be thoroug hly reviewed, thence allowing for the development of a set of viewpoints on homeschooling.The prevalence of homeschooling in the United States of America has been such in the past decade or so that it has been do legal in many a(prenominal) states. In fact today it is widely regarded to be a perfect alternative mode of teaching at the K-12 take (Cooper 109). The media too has focused on the issue rigorously and has brought about a remarkable change in the mindset of even the most orthodox of parents and educators. red by sheer statistics, 300, 000 children were taught at home in 1990.This number increased almost with a vertical leap by the end of 1998 when there were much than than 1. 5 millions of homeschooled children across the country (Saba & Gattis 1). Since the US governments educational policy allows for autonomy of sorts for each state, the process of imbibing any new billhook is relatively easier. The designated council or board of a special state can decide for th emselves which method suits younker learners the most. Accordingly, each state is designated with certain number of grants or permissions by virtue of which they can permit homeschooling.The results just speak for themselves as a vast majority of homeschooled children excel remarkably well in a broad spectrum of schoolman disciplines, ranging from winning the national spelling bees to earning themselves coveted degrees at the leading universities in the country. Now before delving deep into various argumentative doctrines on homeschooling, lets just look into the basics of this rapidly evolving trim down. The first question we are going to deal with involves the reason behind homeschooling. What are the alone(predicate) aspects of homeschooling?Why do people tend to prefer this mode of education over public schooling? Due to the independent, state-specific educational system in America, public schools are accessible to all free of charge. For working parents not belonging to th e elite segments of the society, the rationale behind choosing public schools is quite self-explanatory. barely the growing trend of homeschooling calls for our attention and makes us inquisitive to investigate into the root of educational philosophies. First and foremost, fostering a child at home demands a persistent level of commitment for both parents.It not only helps the child learn in a known environment, but also strengthens the family unitedlyness. Since a child spends most of its conviction at home, the well cultivated families do not wish to assign the task of imparting education to external teachers (Stevens 30). It is purely a question of family set that a child should learn from its parents and not from those who do not share their personal spaces. Besides, many parents are guided by stern religious beliefs and extremity their children to follow the same paths.In public schools, children may confront teachers, instructors or fellow students with different religiou s faiths. So the parents feel safer with homeschooling. An opposite extremely reasonable reason behind homeschooling involves the learning environment of public schools. The quality of education in a public institution is bound to suffer due to grown number of students and inadequacy of teaching tools. Albeit the student-teacher ratio is quite healthy in American public schools specially at the primary level, it still is not fair to middling for every child to get the required attention.Moreover, children studying at public schools are taught a similar curriculum. If a particular child has different palm of interest, it is not encouraged to develop skills and knowledge on those lines. The imaginative faculties of mind slowly become blunt and ineffectual due to the institutionalized methods of teaching. Homeschooling, on the other hand, is helpful for identifying a childs interests and unique areas of talent. Hence, education does not become a loathsome burden for the children. By relating to what they are taught, they can extol while they learn (Rockett 138).Most families belonging to minority groups regard homeschooling to be the best available option for their kids. This is because those children are hardly paid attention to by their local teachers at public schools (Saba & Gattis 3). It is neer wise to send children with physical or mental deformities to public schools. The span and extent of attention they need can never be expected from teachers who have to look after a class of pupils. It is far better to keep those children at home and build up the required infrastructure with teaching aids. Hiring a teacher at home is a plausible solution in such cases.By resolving to person-to-person teaching modes, a challenged kids potential can be maximized. News of massacres, illegal drug trafficking and teen sexuality hit the headlines frequently in the US. Researches show that parents who are aware of these events choose homeschooling to ensure safety of their kids. These parents feel they can control the company of their children if they learn from home. Moreover, in the US public schools, many children hail from troubled families and tend to act violently and in a bullying manner towards other students. Contours of homeschooling decidedly relieve of such headaches.The legal aspects of homeschooling are still subject to a lot of debate and controversy. Given the parochial setup of homeschools, it is elementary to infer that they must be stripped off many benefits available at public schools, including the system of tests. The existing rights in favor of homeschooling in the United States of America were hard earned. It was by the Supreme Courts verdict in the 1920s that enabled the states to intervene into educational affairs. Homeschooling, a fringe and distant possibility during those days, has undoubtedly come a long way.Keeping in mind the thesis question of this paper, it is now time to ponder over certain theoretical conject ures on learning in general. The schools of thought on learning and education are, however, subject to a varied degree of hypothesis. Scholars are yet to arrive at a stable perception as to which methodology of teaching augurs well for most young students. Piagets cognitive developmental theory is one of the seminal works of literature throwing a searching light into the interwoven processes of assimilation and deliverance for young, pliant minds.But since this theory was formed primarily from heuristic studies, its accuracy is questionable. Nevertheless, many later theories on education and learning are grounded on the assumptions made by this theory. According to Jean Piaget, the three main pillars of learning are organization, equilibrium and progression. The basis of his argument concentrated on the predictability of childrens cognitive formation. To put it differently, he pointed out that a child develops newer thought patterns with age and maturity.It is inherent in a child t hat it should search for newer elements in everything it sees. know as organization, this process is responsible for accumulation of knowledge. What directly relates to this process is a cognitive phenomenon called schemes. This phenomenon is involved with preparing a mental picture of things to do. In other words, when a kid is asked to perform a lengthy multiplication, he/she prepares a mental framework as to how to go about the task in an organized manner. The following phenomenon comes when the child explores a better way to carry out a task.It is called adaptation. When new information is passed on, the child has to first of all take it in before it can be processed and assimilated (Clements 2). Piagets cognitive developmental theory has crucial implementations in the context of choosing the best curriculum for homeschooling. His insightful analysis of the role of parents in childrens education helps in decision making as to how children learn. Do they imitate what they see, or do parents need to play a more guiding part in showing their children what and where to look for?Since this system of education does not involve social interaction which is so typical of classroom teaching, bare care has to be taken in devising learning plans. Diagnosing the intelligence quotient of a child is just as important as resolve the level of prior education, should the student be an advanced learner. The final module for course works and other study materials should be prepared after advertent scrutiny of the learners temperament. As a novel research effort in the field of educational psychology and motivation theory, Piagets findings thusly simplified the understanding of childrens cognitive bloc.The second argument that can be propelled concerns the role of academic materials or learning resources in the curricula of pupils. What is often seen in public schooling environments is that a vast array of course materials covering every subject are available. This is pa rticularly favorable as far as step-by-step learning is concerned. The student can make the required shift from one level to another without having to skip any of the important learning modules. But espousing homeschooling methodologies often throw up a quandary for parents as to the suitability of the course materials at hand (Perry 54).This occurs mainly because of the lack of awareness about academic resources for a given standard. This usually happens for the first child in a household with more than one child. Due to lack of knowledge and experience, parents feel enigmatic about the proper educational grooming techniques. Hence for the beginners, it generally takes a couple of years to gain command over the objectives and modes of teaching, including unschooling and phonics (Suarez 1). It is followed the most important part of the system, e. . , selecting the right tools and integrating them to create a congenial environment for learning at home. Unit study, for example, is a widely trusted educational methodology for homeschooling. The understanding of this methodology and the fun of learning associated with it make for an ideal module for the beginners. Several subjects such as Mathematics, Social Sciences, History, Geography and Theology are combined together under a common natural or topic-specific theme like water, animals, or ancient Egypt.For instance, if the academic discipline to be discussed in a particular sitting is Mathematics, the child would be introduced to the story of ancient Egypt and how Mathematics flourished over there. No doubt, the commonality of the central topic generates the fun of unit study methods. The young learner can relate just one topic to a variety of academic disciplines. However, it is to be made sure that the thematic topic should have connections with all the subjects. Study of languages occupies an important place in unit study.Not only does it help in communicating, it also gives the children a broad view of the world and people around them (Field 85). Far from just as an educational ploy to bring out the untapped resources of a child, the societal significance of homeschooling can never be underrated. It is imperative that we understand the significance of homeschooling from a twofold perspective. Firstly, the coziness of the family bondage gets stronger and closer with all the members of it spending time together.This is precisely the reason wherefore many mainstream parents are falling back on homeschooling as the prospective mode of education for their kids. However, some shortcomings of this educational model are also there, especially the accusation that little kids do not get the chance to interact socially with others. This lack of socializing sometimes tells upon the mental health of even the most meritorious boy in a pool of ordinary geeks who, after all, know how to enjoy the little things life has to offer. But it is a minor glitch in a far greater canvas of a revolutionary a nd highly individualistic learning framework.

The Progression of Transgender Rights in the Workplace

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Al-Qaeda In Iraq

radix is an Arabic word excessively written as Al-qaida. It is a lucre of international alliance of Moslem militant congregation. Abdullah Yusuf Azzam who was later replaced by Osama bin Laden formed the organization in 1988. Other veteran Arabs from Afghanistaniistan joined the leading after the soviet war in Afghanistan. Al-qaeda entanglement advances Islamic fundamentalism by carrying out attacks and disrupting westbound countries influences to the Islamic utters. Al-qaeda finances and trains various foundation Islamic groups that oppose western countries ideologies especially the United States of America and Britain.Al-qaeda groups or network have various operational bases in much than fifty countries in the worldly concern. Al-qaeda uses sop up, intimidation and instilling fear to attain their goals. They carry out acts of terrorism (an act or a threat against civilian life) oriented at attaining political, efficient and sacred goals. Al-qaeda produces at end ing foreign influence in Islamic states by creating a new Islamic caliphate or authority. The Al-qaeda network is very active in countries like Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. History of al-qaedaAl-qaeda was founded in the late 1980s as an alliance of Islamic militia group with an aim of expanding Islamic fundamentalism. Al-qaeda has it roots during the Afghanistans soviet occupations. Anti-Muslim afghan guerillas (mujahidin), the afghan brass and soviet forces were involved in the conflict. The Soviet invasion sparked the afghan resistance. The Afghan politics was supported by the USA, China and Saudi Arabia. Mujahidin came from the Middle East to Afghanistan to assist their fellow Muslims in the war. Osama bin laden was the main financier he started recruiting Muslims around the world to join the group.The recruited army in there thousands defeated the soviet forces making them withdrew from Afghanistan. Osama bin laden later founded an organization that could suc cor veterans of Afghans war this comprised the bases of Al-qaeda. (Biri A. 2001). Bin laden and different radical Islamic thinkers at that time had been organizing Al-qaeda in the Iraq invasion to Kuwait in 1990. The Saudi government had allowed the United States government to station a military base in Saudi Arabia. This was very outrageous to Laden and the radical group. Osama was later expelled from Saudi Arabia by opposing the government.Al- qaeda foundation garment shifted from Saudi Arabia to capital of Sudan in Sudan, their first task against the interest of the United States of America was in Somalia where they attacked the U. S army during the Somalia crisis. except attacks perpetrated by al-qaeda followed. In august 1996 bin laden issued a declaration of war against the U. S. A Al- qaeda and radical Islamic group had worked unneurotic to alliance in their acts of terrorism against western influence on Islamic interests. Osama shifted his base from Sudan to Afghanistan in 1994 after the U. S had put pressure on the Khartoum government to expel him.Osama joined the Talibans in Saudi Arabia where al-qaeda established military bases in mountains. In Iraq the main objective of the Al-qaeda organization is the presidency of Iraq. After president Sadaam Hussein was brought down from power by the U. S. A who sent thousands of troops to help in putting in place the government in Iraq. Al-qaeda was against the US invasion of Iraq. According to the U. S government, Al- qaeda wanted to be seen as a legitimate political organization in Iraq. Al-qaeda in Iraq is composed of twain Sunni Iraq members plus other foreign members who wage jihad or holy war.This group was formed in 2004, scarcely it is not clear, who founded it in Iraq between Bin Laden and Nusab Al Zarqawi. The group had been a force behind the ferocity and civil war between the Shiites and Sunnis. They cite the US government of murdering innocent civilians in their war on terror. The Al-Qaeda has been behind many attacks in Iraq against the U. S government interests. Insurgency in Iraq is still continuing up to now. Members of the group had shifted to other bases where they mastermind suicide bomb attacks. Other military organizations had joined Al-Qaeda in Iraq in their activities.Abu Musab al-zarqawi from Jordan had machine-accessible with Al-qaeda in Iraq. He joined the Al-qaeda in Iraq and threatened the U. S government over its interest in Iraq. The group had killed many U. S army personnel and they are believed to have killed ordinary Iraq civilians. The group continues to instigate violence in Iraq despite the U. S government efforts on war on terror by president Bush administration. Al-qaeda is against the U. S invasion of Iraq. Members of the terrorist group had carried out many suicide attacks, kidnapping and even shooting their comprehend enemy. The leadership of al-qaedaThe leadership of Al-qaeda in Iraq, according to some sources from Jihads was put under Abu Ayyub Al Masri in 2006. This is following the death of its precedent leader Musab Al Zarqawi. Al Masri is considered as lacking good military organization that he relies on his intellectual abilities (Hajez M. 2007 p. 136-147). Al-qaeda in Iraq is composed of both Sunni Iraq members and the jihads (foreigners who came to aid in Jihad war). Osama bin Laden is the prime active leader of the Al-qaeda group. The leadership coordinates with others groups Al-qaeda group of jihad in Iraq, Al-qaeda in land of the two rivers plus others.Through the official statement of the U. S government, Abu Musab Al Zarqawi forms the top leadership responsible for the insurgency in Iraq. It is believed that the leadership organizes and masterminds attacks on civilians and U. S troops. It is alike believed that the leadership of Al-Qaeda in Iraq composes other foreign terrorist and senior Al- Qaeda leadership. The U. S administration believes that Abu-Musab Al Zarqawi was not an Iraq even his su ccessor Abu Ayyub Al Masri. The leadership of Al-queda is decentralized.There is collaboration between Al-qaeda senior leaders and Al- qaeda leaders in Iraq. The leaders role is to finance, command, advice, and make bombs including others roles in the group. The leadership similarly provides intelligent informations and facilitates its operations. They have their former headquarter in Fallujah in Iraq. Various operations they have performed The al qaeda has claimed right of the chlorine bombings in Iraq in mosques. The group also is targeting wealth people by kidnapping and killing their family members when they fail to remit protection fee.They are also inciting violence by causing hatred among the Shiites and Shia groups to cause civil war. What were the targets of the operations? Al-qaeda operates in Iraq but it is limited in the broad Middle East. They dawdle actively in the Iraq insurgency. Their deputy leader, Ayman alzawahiri, in July 2005 through a letter indicated four plans in expanding the war in Iraq. They were to expel US forces out of Iraq and an Islamic authority put in place. Other missions were to spread the Iraq conflict to their neighbors and fight with Israel.Al-qaeda in Iraq (AOQ) created an organization called mujahidee shura council in January 2006. This was to unite the Sunni insurgents in Iraq. However, this attempt failed due to the methods they utilize against civilians and their extreme fundamentalists doctrines. Alqaeda is the most feared organization experts regard it as an enemy of the US. Al-qaeda is associated with terrorists activities in Iraq that targets international forces and civilians. The US government holds that they have an extended network to other parts of the world especially the Islamic states although there operations are based in Iraq.In 2005, Al-qaeda is believed to be responsible for about more than 1800 attacks in Mosul city in Iraq they were aiming at Iraq forces and coalition government. They use bomb s and other explosives in their suicide attacks. They mainly targeted Iraq security forces, Shiite militaries and the US troops. The group was responsible for the killing of 35 children and seven adults in Baghdad in September 2004. The bombs were directed at the US forces. In the same year on December 19, they had bombed a Shiite funeral procession killing about 60. Their attacks were aimed at Iraq security forces, civilians and the Iraq government.In 2005 they carried out and co-coordinated suicide attacks including the Sheraton Ishtar and Palestine hotel in Baghdad during the Iraq elections. (Napoleni L. 2005) They claimed responsibility of killing of Ihab Al-Sherif an Egyptian envoy to Iraq they also killed many unemployed Shiite workers in Baghdad. They had abducted and executed American soldiers. In 2006, many of the top leadership were captured and killed by US army. They had carried on with their attack such as the 23rd March 2007, assassination attempts of the Iraq deputy P rime Minister Salam al-zaubai a Sunni.They had claimed responsibility of the Iraq parliament bombing in April 12 2007. The execution of the three US force soldiers in May the same year. Activities of Al qaeda in Iraq, have received negative publicity due to attacks and intimidation against the civilians making it lack local support. The Sunni militias had abandoned them and joined the government and US forces. Many of their leaders have been captured and killed making their activities crippled. The Al-qaeda had been involved in other operations outside Iraq in April 2004 they claimed responsibility of the chemical bomb plot in Jordan.They had also targeted Israel in December 2005 by firing rockets from Lebanon. They are also implicated with 2006 train bombing plot in Germany. What were the goals of the operations? Al-qaeda in Iraq had an aim of expelling all the U. S soldiers and their allied forces. In July2005, top Al-qaeda leadership had urged that the entire US soldier to withdr aw from Iraq. They had threatened to carry military operations and executions they perceive the US as the enemy who moldiness leave the Islamic state. The group also had an aim in the governance of Iraq.The Al qaeda in Iraq had wanted to form a political group that would be the legitimate political organization in Iraq. They had wanted to fight and overthrow the existing government. Al-qaeda aims to ascendency key areas in the economic, political and religious sector in Baghdad. They want to portray that the Iraq government has failed to expel the US army, by discrediting the government they aims at removing people support. It aimed at initiating conflict between the Shia and Sunni Muslims. This would force the USA to take a neutral stand and depart from Iraq.This would enable them to establish their rule in Iraq. Al-qaida in Iraq wanted to spread propaganda through the media that, the coalition forces and the government of Iraq were attacking the Sunni Islam. They wanted the Sunni s to join their side, portraying themselves to defend rights of those who are oppressed. This would give them a positive image to the Sunni Islamic group. Part of their aim was to spread propaganda that the Iraq social-economic problems were the government responsibility. They regarded themselves as an organization that can free Iraqs from their problems.(Hoofman B. 2004). It was also believed that operations of Al-qaeda in Iraq involved bringing foreign fighters and terrorist in order to kill innocent civilians to encourage hatred between Sunni and Shia Muslims. Abu Hamza Al-Muhajir an Al-qaeda leader in Iraq through his message said that they aimed at creating an Islamic state in Iraq. They were willing to die for Gods sake there is no rule but that of Allah. The attacking and killing of the Sunni by al-qaeda in Iraq was aimed to compel them to join their group and withdraw the support of the US forces.Dedicate yourself to fighting the consecutive enemy in order to avoid opening up new fronts against the Sunni Arabs (Abu Hamza al Muhajer), they attempted to portray the US as a common enemy. What were the ideologies of this group? Al-qaeda in Iraq was organized and carried its operation on basis of different ideologies. They had issued a manifesto calling for violence and destruction of American empire. They had vowed to continue with the insurgency and destroy America. Their ideologies were religiously based we vow by the summon of God and we are determined to destroy the American empire.They believed that attacking the United States was a call from God. They believed that that who dies in their mission becomes a saint. Their leader Abu Musab al- zarqawi had confirm their violent means through audio messages. Al-qaeda called for all Muslims to start attacking their enemies in Iraq and their associates. They believed that through Islam their faith, no harm would be inflicted on true Muslims. Shedding blood of a true Muslim would lead to destruction of the whole world. The attack against Americans and aides in Iraq was an order from God. It was a holy war or jihad to bring justice and glory in the world.They calls for those betraying them to repent, by collaborating with their enemy all they deserve is to have their neck cut. Al-qaeda through their documents, vows that insurgency will not end soon, they believe that Islam is the only true religion in the world. It is their duty to have Allah worshiped. The Al-qaeda beliefs that the US government wants to seek control of the region through the assistance of the Iraq government. It argues that those who oppose and fight the group are enemies of Islam. Their ideologies hold that the American government wanted to control the region to access cover wells.Osama bin laden through a video tape on December 29 2007, said that the Iraq government had agreed to having large American bases on Iraq land and full-grown the Americans all the Iraq oil they may wish Muslims perceive the war in Iraq w idely as a war on Islam giving strength to al-qaedas ideology, Islamic sympathizers of the group are now trying to support the idea of universal holy war on western world and their allies. Al-qaeda sympathizers are justifying the acts of terrorism by using propaganda about the Iraq war. This is evidence in Madrid bombing in 2004 and London attacks in transpose network to oppose the invasion of Iraq.Conclusion The Al-qaeda networks operating in all over the world seems to be well-organized coordinated and funded group. Al-qaeda in Iraq has escalated more violence in the country. The group has forged alliances with other front in order to work together against their perceived common enemy. According to them the enemy must be defeated by all mean, as it is the will of God. These militia groups have threatened peace in the world. They have claimed responsibility for various attacks in the world the issue of terrorism in the world needs to look at carefully to avert more acts of death a nd hatred.The world should not draw in addition much conclusion about Al-qaeda and war in Iraq. This is to avert from having propaganda war, whose truth cannot be determined thus sparking more conflict. (US state report on terrorism) Work cited Biri Abdel, The secret History of Al-Qaeda, 1998. Bruce Hoffman, Insurgency and Countersurgency in Iraq, 2004. Hajez Mohammed Suicide Bombers In Iraq The strategy and Ideology of Martyrdom, 2007. Napoleni Lorreta Insurgent Iraq The Al-zarqawi and The New Generation, 2005. The United State Department pastoral Report on Terrorism, 2005.

Prom Nights from Hell Chapter Five

Thanks, Sheeb. Back at you.Jezebel winked once, and so smiled wider until the black of her teeth findmed to envelop her entire face. She evaporated into the night.Sheba linge exit in the dirty highroad until the alluring scent of brimst maven had faded off entirely, and then break fourth dimension was over. Invigorated by the idea of joining the front lines, Sheba hurried tush to her misery.The saunter was in full swing, and everything was falling into place.Celeste was scoring high in her malicious game she awarded herself a point for every girl who cried in a dark corner of the ballroom. Two points for every boy who threw a punch at a rival.All over the room, the seeds Sheba had planted were flowering. Hate was blooming along incline lust and rage and despair. A garden straight from hell.Sheba enjoyed it all from behind a potted palm.No, she couldnt force the humans to do anything. They had their innate free will, and so she could only tempt, could only suggest. Little thi ngs-high heels and seams and minor muscle groups-she could manipulate physically, sound she could neer force their minds. They had to choose to listen. And tonight, they were listening.Sheba was on a roll, and she didnt hope any let go of ends, so onwards she turned back to her most ambitious scheme- compel was pliant with intoxication instantly, ready for her direction-she sent her thoughts searching through the crowd for those small, annoying bubbles of happiness.No one was walking away from this prom unscathed. Not while Sheba had a spark in her body.Over there-what was this? Bryan Walker and Clara Hurst were staring dreamily into each others eyes, entirely oblivious to the wrath and despair and bad music surrounding them, proficient enjoying each others company.Sheba considered her options and decided to pose Celeste interfere. Celeste should enjoy that- nonhing was more brutally fun than flaunting your author right in the face of a pure romance. Besides, Celeste li stened to every suggestion Sheba fed her, entirely agreeable to any demonic scheme.Sheba continued with her evaluation before acting.Not too far away, Sheba found that shed dropped the ball in an inexcusable fashion. Was that her own date, Logan, actually enjoying himself? Impossible. So, hed found his Libby later on all and they were both unacceptably happy. Well, that would be easy enough to rectify. Shed go reclaim her bulge outner and send Libby running away in tears. Amateur and crude to intervene bodily Still, better that than let happiness win even one small battle.Shebas assessment was approximately done. There was just one more tiny pocket of peace-not a tally this time it was a lone boy wandering into the far end of the room from the hall. That annoying Gabe Christensen.Sheba scowled in his direction. What did he deem to be happy ab turn out(predicate)? He was rejected and alone. His date was the scourge of the prom. A normal boy would be full of rage or pain right n ow. precisely he insisted on making more mildew for herSheba inspected Gabes mind more closely. Hmm. Gabe wasnt rattling happy. In fact, he was worrying intensely at the moment, searching for person. Celeste was quite in verbalizeigibly in his view, writhing to a slow song with Rob Carlton (Pamela Green watched the display with shocked eyes, despair leaking deliciously into the air around her), provided she wasnt the antecedent of Gabes worry. There was someone else he trea reliabled to find.So he wasnt happy-that wasnt the sensation that had trespassed on Shebas atmosphere of misery. It was goodness itself that was exuding from this boy. Even worse.Sheba ducked behind the palm and pushed out with her thoughts. mourning band oozed from her nose. Gabe.Gabe shook his bearing absently and continued with his search.Hed waited half an hour as throngs of girls go away the bathroom, drove after(prenominal) drove. Here and there Gabe had felt a bleached pull, unless nothing at all equal that one girls raging, suffocating contain.When three separate groups had all come and gone, Gabe had stopped Jill Stein to beg after the girl.Black hair and a red dress? No, I didnt see anyone like that in there. I think the bathroom is empty.The girl must obtain slipped past him somehow.Gabe had just returned to the dance floor, brooding over the mystery girl. At least Bryan and Clara and Logan and Libby were having fun. That was good. The rest of the class seemed to be having an exceptionally nasty evening.And then, there it was again. Gabes head jerked up, feeling the desperation hed been searching for. Where was she?Sheba hissed in frustration. The boys mind was entirely sober and singularly closed to her insidious voice. Well, that wasnt going to stop her. She had other tools.Celeste.It was time the evil girl tormented her own date.Sheba leaned lightly on Celeste, suggesting that avenue. After all, Gabe was attractive by human standards. Certainly good enough fo r Celeste, whose standards were hardly rigorous. Gabe was tall and subtly muscular, with dark hair and symmetrical features. He had pale blue eyes that Sheba personally found a bit repulsive-they were so decidedly un- hellished, around heavenly, ugh but that appealed to mortal girls. It was expression into those clear eyes that had do Celeste rate yes to this squeaky clean do-gooders invitation.Do-gooder, indeed. Shebas eyes narrowed. Gabe had already been on her list before he insisted on disregarding her here at the prom. This was the very boy who had destroy her plans for the lecherous math teacher-just a little bit of pre-prom fun Sheba had arranged in amid making sure that everyone asked exactly the wrong person to the adult dance. If Gabe hadnt confronted Mr. Reese at a critical moment of temptation Sheba gritted her teeth and sparks flickered out of her ears. She would have ruined the man and the impossibly innocent girl, too. Not that Mr. Reese had had far to fall, but it would have been a fantastic s johndal. And now the math teacher was being particularly careful, made wary by those kindred sky-blue eyes. Feeling guilty, even. Considering counseling for his problem. UghGabe Christensen owed Sheba some misery. She would get her due.Sheba glared at Celeste, wondering why the girl had made no pretend toward her date. Celeste was still wrapped around Rob, enjoying Pamelas pain. Enough fun There was havoc to be wreaked. Sheba whispered suggestions in Celestes mind, nudging her in Gabes direction. Celeste shrugged away from Rob and glanced toward Gabe, who was still cockscomb through the crowd with his gaze. Her brown eyes settled on his blue for just a second, and then she moved, cringed actually, back into Robs arms.Odd. Gabes light eyes seemed to be almost as repellent to the vicious blonde as they were to Sheba.Sheba leaned again, but Celeste-for once-shook her off, trying to distract herself from thoughts of Gabe with Robs eager lips.Baf fled, Sheba cast around for other avenue to destroy the plaguy boy, but she was interrupted by something much more important than one good human.Cooper Silverdale was simply quivering with rage on one side of the dance floor, glowering at Melissa and Tyson. Melissa had her head on Tysons shoulder and was oblivious to the smug grin Tyson aimed in Coopers direction.It was time to act. Cooper was considering another glass of punch to drown his pain, and he was much too close to passing out for Sheba to allow that. She focused on him, smoke at her ears, and Cooper realized dully that the green punch was revolting. He couldnt stand any more. He threw his half-empty cup to the floor and turned back to glare at Tyson.She thinks Im pathetic, arrange the voice in Coopers head. No, she doesnt even think of me at all. But I can make it so shell never be able to obstruct meHis head thick with alcohol, Cooper reached back and stroked his hand along the barrel of the gun under his jacket.She ba held her breath. Sparks flew from her ears.And then, in that vital second, Sheba was distracted by the greetledge that someone was staring intensely at her own face.Here, in the ballroom, that same sucking need, pulling at him-someone drowning, shrieking for help. It had to be the same girl. Gabe had never felt anything so urgent in his life.His eyes raked desperately over the couples on the floor, but he couldnt see her. He paced the edge of the floor, searching the faces of the people on the sidelines. She wasnt there, either.He saw Celeste with yet another boy, but his eyes didnt pause. If Celeste didnt claim her ride home soon, there wasnt much he could do nearly it. Someone else call for Gabe more.The need tugged at him again, yanked hard, and for a moment, Gabe wondered if he was going crazy. mayhap hed only imagined the girl in the fiery dress. Maybe this sense of frenzied need was just the onset of some delusion.At that moment, Gabes seeking eyes found what they were s earching for.Stepping around Heath McKenzies big sulking form, Gabes eyes locked on a tiny, but brilliant, red flash. There she was-half-hidden behind a fake head, her earrings glinting like sparklers again-the girl in the red dress. Her dark eyes, deep as the pool hed imagined her drowning in, met his. The vibrant need was an aura surrounding her. He didnt have to think about base toward her. There was probably no way he could have stopped himself if hed wanted to.He was sure hed never seen this girl before tonight she was completely unfamiliar.Her dark, almond-shaped eyes were composed and careful, but at the same time they cried out to him. They were the focus of the need he felt. He could no more resist their plea than he could tell his heart to stop beating.She needed him.Sheba watched with disbelief as Gabe Christensen walked straight toward her. She saw her own face in his head and realized that the person Gabe had been looking for was Sheba.She allowed the brief distractio n-knowing that Cooper was hers for the taking, that a few minutes time wouldnt retain him now-and rejoiced in the delicious irony. So Gabe wanted to be ruined by Sheba personally? Well, she would oblige him. It would make his misery even sweeter knowing that hed chosen it himself. She straightened up in her hell-hound dress, letting it caress her figure suggestively. She k natural what any human male would have to feel when he examined this dress.But the exasperating boy was focused on her eyes.It was dangerous to look straight into the eyes of a demoness. Humans who didnt look away fast enough could get trapped there. And then they were stuck, pining after the demoness forever, burning for herBiting back a smile, Sheba met his gaze, staring deep into his sky-colored eyes. Silly human.Gabe stopped a few short feet from the girl, close enough that he wouldnt have to shout over the loud music. He knew he was staring too intently-she would think he was rude, or some kind of freak. But she stared back, just as intent, her deep eyes probing his.He clear(p)ed his mouth to introduce himself, when suddenly the girls careful expression melted into one of shock. Shock? Or offense? Her pale lips fell apart, and he heard a little gasp escape them. Her stiff posture crumpled, and she began to collapse.Gabe jumped toward her and caught her in his arms before she could fall.Shebas knees buckled when her fires went out. Her internal shine died, sucked dry, snuffed like a candle in a vacuum.The room was not so cold anymore, and she could smell nothing more than sweat, cologne, and stale, conditioned air. She could no longitudinal taste the delicious misery shed created. She couldnt taste anything but her own dry mouth.But she could feel the strong arms of Gabe Christensen holding her up.The girls dress was soft and warm. Maybe that was the problem, Gabe thought as he pulled her toward him. Maybe the heat of the crowded room was too much combined with her heavy dress. Anxi ously, Gabe brushed the silky hair away from her face. Her forehead seemed cool enough and her soft skin wasnt clammy with sweat. All the while, her stunned eyes never wavered from his.Are you okay? Can you stand? Im sorry, I dont know your appoint.Im exquisitely, the girl said in a low, purring voice. Despite the purr, her voice was just as stunned as her eyes. I I can stand.She straightened up, but Gabe didnt let her go. He didnt want to. And she wasnt pulling away. Her small hands had crept up to rest on his shoulders, like they were dancing partners.Who are you? she asked in that throaty voice.Gabe-Gabriel Michael Christensen, he elaborated with a grin. And you are?Prom Nights from madhouse Chapter FiveWhat do you think youre doing? she asked herself. Rhetorically, since she was already up the Snow-White-and-the-Seven-Dwarves-Do-Baby-Jesus neighbors tree and staring into the yard of the house where shed left Sibby.I cant wait to hear you say to the cops, Yes, officer, I know I was trespassing but that woman was very suspicious because she was wearing false eyelashes.With a full Creepy Cult costume. They just didnt go. Plus she had a hole for a nose piercing. And a French manicure.Maybe she just has truly big pores And a love of dated manicuresShe wasnt what she was posing as.Is this about helping someone or having an excuse not to show up at prom and see allow for with his face nuzzled in Ariels huge, soft-Shut up, U-Suck.I was going to say hair.You are so not funny.You are so not brave.There were deuce guys session in the backyard, leaning across a picnic table toward each other with a book between them, both in T-shirts and khakis and Teva sandals, one of them wearing thick black-framed glasses, the other one with a scraggly beard. They looked like two geeky college guys playing Dungeons and Dragons and sounded like it too when the one wearing glasses said, Thats not how it works. It says in the Book of Rules she cant see for herself, only for othe r people. You know, like genies with wishes, how they cant grant their own. Except they each had a large automatic rifle lying on the table next to them and Miranda could see shooting targets set up on the fence.So what? There are armed geeks. Maybe theyre Sibbys protection. Go home. Sibby doesnt need you. Shes fine.If shes fine, why isnt she out there trying to kiss the two boys?Miranda strained to hear something from inside the house but it was definitely soundproofed. A couple came out of slew doors onto the patio away from the oddball Guys, a woman smoking a goat in short, tense puffs and a man. Miranda almost fell out of the tree when she recognized the woman as the cult lady, only now without the glasses, skirt, or sweater and with her hair blue.Which doesnt mean anything.The woman whispered, We still need the girl to tell us the location, Byron.She will.She hasnt yet.I told you, even if I cant get her to talk, the Gardener can. Hes good at that.The woman again I dont like that he brought a partner. That wasnt part of the plan. Does she get a cut-The man called Byron cut her off. Put that out and be quiet, we have company. He pointed to the Geek Guys scrambling over to join them.The woman crushed her cigarette out under her foot and kicked it away.Is She all right? Bearded Geek asked breathlessly, pronouncing She like it should be capitalized.Yes, the man assured him. Shes resting after her ordeal.Oh, they could not be talking about Sibby. Ordeal? No way.Has She said anything? Glasses Geek asked.The man said, Just expressed how very grateful She is to be here.Miranda almost snorted.Bearded Geek said, Will we be able to see Her?When the Transition happens.The geeks wandered off in a blissful daze and Miranda decided this was the weirdest thing shed ever seen.But it turn out that Sibby was in no danger. These people clearly worshipped Her. Which meant it was time- wherefore is he called the Gardener, anyway? Fake Eyelash woman asked the man.I believe because hes good at pulling things out.Things?Teeth, nails. Joints. Thats how he gets people to talk. time to find Sibby.Miranda dropped out of the tree into the neighbors yard and found herself looking down the barrel of an automatic rifle.Prom Nights from Hell Chapter FiveI shudder. I cant help it. Even though shes not exactly my type, its not pleasant to think of Lila as some vampires midnight snack.Arent you worried, I ask, hoping to tilt the subject a little, that Lilas just going to tell Drake not to show up at the prom since well be there postponement?I say we and not you because there is no way Im letting bloody shame go after this guy alone. Which I know Veronica would think is sexist, too.But Veronicas never seen bloody shame smile.Are you kidding me? Mary asks. She doesnt seem to notice the we. Im counting on her telling him. That way hell show up for sure.I stare at her. Why would he do that?Because killing the exterminators daughter will totally raise his crypt cred. Now Im blinking at her. Crypt cred?You know, she says, tossing her ponytail. Its like street cred. Only among the undead.Oh. Strangely, this does make sense. As much as anything else Ive heard this evening. They call your dad the, um, exterminator? Im having a hard time picturing Marys dad wielding a crossbow the way she did.No, she says, the smile vanishing. My mom. At least she used to be. Not just vampires, either, but evil entities of all kinds-demons, werewolves, poltergeists, ghosts, warlocks, genies, satyrs, loki, shedus, vetelas, titans, leprechauns-Leprechauns? I echo in disbelief.But Mary simply shrugs. If it was evil, Mom killed it. She just had a gift for it A gift, Mary adds softly, I really go for Ive inherited.I just sit there for a minute. I have to give up Im a little stunned by everything thats gone down over the past couple of hours. Crossbows and vampires and exterminators? And what in the world is a vetela? Im not even sure I want to know. No. Wait. I know I d ont want to know. Theres a humming noise inside my head that wont stop.The weird thing is, I kind of like it.So, Mary says, lifting her gaze to meet mine. Do you believe me now?I believe you, I say. What I cant believe, actually, is that I do. Believe her, I mean.Good, she says. It would probably be better if you didnt tell anybody. Now, if you dont mind, I need to start getting things ready-Great. Tell me what you need me to do.Her face clouds with trouble. Adam, she says. And theres something about the way her lips form my name that makes me feel a little crazy like I want to throw my arms around her and race around the room at the same time. I appreciate the offer. I really do. But its too dangerous. If I kill Drake-When you kill him, I correct her. chances are, his father is going to show up, she goes on, looking for revenge. Maybe not tonight. And mayhap not tomorrow. But soon. And when he does it isnt going to be pretty. Its going to be awful. A nightmare. Its going to be-Ap ocalyptic, I finish for her, a slight shiver going down my spine as I speak the word.Yes. Yes, exactly.Dont worry, I say, ignoring the shiver. Im all set for that.Adam. She shakes her head. You dont understand. I cant-well, I cant guarantee Ill be able to protect you. And I certainly cant let you risk your life like that. Its different for me, because-well, because of my mom. But you-I stop her. Just tell me what time Im picking you up.She stares at me. What?Sorry, I say. But youre not going to the prom by yourself. End of story.And I must have looked really scary or something as I said it, because even though she opens her mouth to argue, she closes it again when she gets a look at my face, and only says, Um. Okay.Still, she has to add, Its your funeral, just to have the last word. Which is fine with me. She can have the last word.Because I know now that Ive found her my future partner in the inevitable struggle to survive in post-apocalyptic America.MaryThe music is pounding in ti me to my heartbeat. I can feel the bass in my chest-badoom, badoom. Its hard to see across the room of writhing bodies, especially with the flickering light show coming down from the ballrooms ceiling.But I know hes here. I can feel him.And then I see him, moving across the dance floor toward me. Hes holding two glasses of bloodred liquid, one in either hand. When he gets close enough, he hands me one of the glasses, then says, Dont worry, its not spiked. I checked.I dont reply. I just sip the punch, grateful for the liquid-even if it is a little too sweet-because my throat is so dry.The thing is, I know Im making a mistake. Letting Adam do this, I mean.But theres something about him. I dont know what it is. Something that sets him apart from all the rest of the dumb jocks in school. Maybe its the way he saved me back at the club when I lost my nerve, his shooting at Sebastian Drake-progeny of the devil himself-with a ketchup-filled squirt gun.Or maybe its the way he was so nice ab out my dad, not cracking any jokes about him being like Doc from the Back to the future day movies and even calling him sir. Or the way he picked up my moms photo like that and seemed so stunned when I told him the truth about her.Or maybe its just the way he looked when he showed up at quarter to eight this evening, so impossibly handsome in his tux-and even holding a red rose corsage for me despite that less than twenty-four hours ago, he hadnt even known he was going to the prom (good thing tickets were available for change at the door).Oh well. Dad was ecstatic, for once acting like a normal parent, snapping photos-For your mother to see, when shes better, he kept saying-and trying to slip twenty-dollar bills into Adams hand, telling him to treat Mary to an ice cream after the dance.Which frankly made me decide I like Dad better when he never comes out of the lab.Still. I knew I was making a mistake by not sending Adam packing right away. This is no job for amateurs.This is th is is beautiful. I mean, thats how the ballroom looks. I almost gasped when I entered it on Adams arm. (He insisted. So wed look like a normal couple if Drake was there already and watching.) The Saint Eligius Prep prom committee really outdid themselves this year.Securing the four-story grand ballroom at the Waldorf-Astoria was a feat all on its own, but transforming it into such a sparkling romantic wonderland? Miraculous.I just hope all those rosettes and streamers are fireproof. Id hate to see them go up in the flames that are bound to appear when Drakes corpse begins to self-conflagrate after I stab him in the chest.So, Adam says, as we stand on the edge of the dance floor, sipping our punch in a silence thats-to be frank-quickly gotten a little uncomfortable. Hows this going to go down, anyway? I dont see your crossbow anywhere.Im just going with a stake, I say, showing him my leg through the slit up the side of my gown. Id strapped a hand-carved get together of ash there, us ing Moms old thigh holster. Keeping it sweet and simple.Oh, Adam says, after choking on his punch a little. Okay.I realize he hasnt looked away from my inner thigh. I hastily lower my skirt.And it occurs to me-for the first time-that Adam qualification be in this for reasons other than wanting to liberate his best friends overtopy from the spell of a bloodsucking fiend.Except can such a thing even be possible? I mean, hes Adam Blum. And Im just the new girl. He likes me, sure, but he doesnt like me. He cant. Ive probably only got about ten minutes left to live. Unless something radically alters what Im pretty sure is about to go down.Blushing, I keep my gaze on the gyrating couples in front of us. Mrs. Gregory from U.S. History is one of the chaperones. Shes going around, trying to keep girls from grinding on their dates. She might as well try to keep the moon from rising.Itd probably be best if you kept Lila busy, I say, hoping he doesnt notice that my cheeks are now as scarlet as my gown, while Im doing the staking. We dont want her throwing herself in my path just to try to save him.Thats what I dragged Ted here for, Adam says, nodding toward Teddy Hancock, whos sitting slumped at a nearby table, looking out at the dance floor in a bored manner. Like the rest of us, hes just waiting for Lila-and her date-to arrive.Still, I say. I dont want you anywhere near me when you know.I heard you the first nine million times you told me, Adam mutters. I know you can take care of yourself, Mary. Youve made that abundantly clear.I cant help wincing a little. Hes not having a good time. I can tell.Well, so what? I didnt ask him to come He invited himself This isnt a date, anyway Its a slaying He knew that from the outset. Hes the one changing the rules, not me. I mean, who am I kidding? I cant date. I have a legacy to fulfill. Im the exterminators daughter. I have to-Want to dance? Adam startles me by asking.Oh, I say, with some surprise. Id love to. But I really sho uld-Great, he says and takes me into his arms, steering me onto the dance floor.Prom Nights from Hell Chapter FiveWill died, Frankie, she said. The fall, the way he landed he didnt make it.Im sorry what?Chen is on his way to get you. Youll stay with us, yes? As long as you want.No, I said. I mean I dont The box of waffles fell from my hand. Will didnt die. Will couldnt have died?Frankie, she said, her voice infinitely sad.Please dont say that, I said. Please dont sound so I didnt understand how to make my mind work.I know you love him. We all did.Just wait I said. Spray painting? Will doesnt spray paint. Thats something a pothead would do, not Will.Lets get you to the house. Well talk about it then.But what was he spray painting? I dont understandMrs. Yomiko didnt answer.Let me speak to Yun sunniness, I pleaded. Please Put on Yun SunThere was a muffled exchange. Yun Sun came back on.Ill tell you, she said. But you dont want to know.A cold feeling spread over me, and suddenly, I did nt want to know.He was spray painting a message. Thats what he was up there doing. She hesitated. It said, Frankie, will you go to prom with me? I sank to the floor, next to a box of waffles. Why was there a box of waffles on the kitchen floor? Frankie? Yun Sun said. Tinny, faraway sound. Frankie, are you there?I didnt like that tinny sound. I pressed the Off button to make it go away.Will was buried in the Chapel Hill Cemetery. I sat, numb, through the funeral, which was closed-coffin because Wills body was too mangled to be viewed. I wanted to say good-bye, but how did you say good-bye to a box? At the grave site, I watched as Wills mother threw a handful of dirt into the hole where Will lay. It was horrible, but the wickedness felt distant and unreal. Yun Sun squeezed my hand. I didnt squeeze back.It rained that evening, a gentle spring shower. I imagined the ground, damp and cool around Wills coffin. I thought of Fernando, whose skull Madame Zanzibar had emancipate after his c offin shifted in the wet earth. I reminded myself that the east side of the cemetery, where Will was buried, was newer, with tidy landscaping. And of course there were modern ways of digging grave now, more efficient than men with shovels.Wills coffin wouldnt come undug. It was impossible.I stayed with Yun Sun for nearly two weeks. My parents were called, and they offered to return from Botswana. I told them no. What good would it do? Their front wouldnt bring Will back.At school, for the first few days, kids talked in hushed tones and stared at me as I passed. Some thought it was romantic, what Will did. Others thought it was stupid. A tragedy was the phrase most often used, spoken in mournful tones.As for me, I haunted the halls like the living dead. I would have ditched, but then Id have been corralled by the counselor and forced to talk about my feelings. Which wasnt going to happen. My grief was my own, a skeleton that would rattle forever within me. hotshot week after Wills death, and exactly one week before prom, kids started talking less about Will and more about dresses and dinner reservations and limos. A under the weather girl from Wills chemistry class got upset and said prom should be canceled, but others argued no, prom must go on. Its what Will would have wanted.Yun Sun and I were consulted, since we were his best friends. (And since I, though they didnt say it, was the girl he died for.) Yun Suns eyes welled with tears, but after a shaky moment, she said it would be wrong to ruin everyones plans, that sitting home and mourning wouldnt do anyone any good.Life goes on, she said. Her boyfriend, Jeremy, nodded. He put his arm around her and drew her close.Lucy, president of the prom committee, placed her hand over her heart.So true, she said. She turned to me with an overly solicitous expression. What about you, Frankie? Do you think you could get behind it?I shrugged. Whatever.She embraced me, and I staggered.Okay, guys, were on she called, bou nding across the commons. Trixie, back to work on the cherry blossoms. Jocelyn, tell the Paper Affair lady we need a hundred blue streamers and dont take no for an answerOn the afternoon of the dance, two hours before Jeremy was due to pick up Yun Sun, I crammed my stuff in my duffel fundament and told her I was going home.What? she said. No She put down a hot roller. Her makeup lay in front of her on her vanity, her Babycakes body glitter and Dewberry lip gloss, and her dress hung over the hook of her open bathroom door. It was lilac, with a sweetheart neckline. It was gorgeous.Its time, I said. Thank you for letting me stay so long but its time.Her mouth turned down. She wanted to argue, but she knew it was true. I wasnt happy here. That in itself wasnt the issue-I wasnt going to be happy anywhere-but moping around the Komikos house was making me feel trapped and making Yun Sun feel helpless and guilty.But its prom, Yun Sun said. Wont that be weird, being alone in your house on the night of prom? She came over to me. Stay till tomorrow. Ill be quiet when I come in, I swear. And I promise not to go on and on about you know. The after-parties and who hooked up and who passed out in the girls bathroom.You should get to go on about that stuff, though, I said. You should stay out as late as you want and come in as loudly as you want and be giddy and spazzy and all that. Unexpectedly, my eyes filled with tears. You should, Yun Sun.She touched my arm. I pulled away, but in what I hoped was an unobvious manner.So should you, Frankie, she said.Yeah well. I heaved my bag over my shoulder.Call me any time, she said. Ill keep my cell on, even at the dance.Okay.And if you change your mind, if you decide you want to stay-Thanks.Or even if you decide to come to prom We all want you there-you know that, right? It doesnt matter that you dont have a date.I winced. She didnt mean it the way it sounded, but it most certainly did matter that I didnt have a date, because that d ate would have been Will. And I didnt have him not because he liked another girl or was suffering from a yucky case of the flu, but because he was dead. Because of me.Oh God, Yun Sun said. FrankieI waved her off. I didnt want any more touching. Its all right.We stood in a bubble of awkwardness.I miss him, too, you know, she said. I nodded. Then I left.I returned to my empty house to find that the electricity was out. Perfect. This happened more often than it should have Afternoon thunderstorms threw tree branches into the transformers, and entire neighborhoods lost power for several hours. Or the power would go out for no reason. Maybe too many people had their air conditioners on and the circuits overloaded, that was my theory. Wills theory was ghosts, ha ha ha. Theyve come to spoil your milk, hed say in a spooky voice.Will.My throat tightened.I tried not to think about him, but it was impossible, so I let him exist there with me in my mind. I fixed myself a peanut butter sandwich , which I didnt eat. I went upstairs and lay on my bed without turning down the covers. Shadows deepened. An owl hooted. I stared at my ceiling until I could no longer make out the spider-web cracks.In the dark, my thoughts went places they shouldnt. Fernando. Madame Zanzibar. Youre just like all the rest, arent you? Desperate for a heart-stopping romance?It was that very desperation that gave birth to my stupid Madame Zanzibar plan and even stupider wish. Thats what prodded Will into action. If only Id never taken the damn corsageI bolted upright. Oh my God-the damn corsageI grabbed my cell and held down the three, Yun Suns speed dial. ?One? was for Mom and Dad ?two? was for Will. I still hadnt deleted his name, and now I wouldnt have to.Yun Sun I cried when she answered.Frankie? she said. S.O.S. by Rihanna blared in the background. Are you okay?Im fine, I said. Better than fine I mean, the powers out, its pitch-black, and Im all alone, but whatever. I wont be for long. I giggled a nd fumbled my way into the hall.Huh? Yun Sun said. More noise. People laughing. Frankie, I can hardly hear you.The corsage. Ive got two wishes left I jogged downstairs, zinging with glee.Frankie, what are you-I can bring him back, dont you get it? Everything will be good again. We can even go to prom

Bowling Ethnography

Heather Dooley 10 Pound Balls We tend to think that bowling is a very simple and boring sport play by single older men. I did my fieldwork at a bowling way during dickens different leagues to explore the different social interactions among bowlers. I erudite that bowling is not limited to one specific age group or gender. I also discover on that point is a unique hierarchy among the bowlers that is not de destinationined by their age or gender. This social status is dependent upon their bowling average, type of puffiness used, and the weight of their balls.I found at that place were many an(prenominal) other social interactions that occurred between smaller groups of bowlers such as police squadmates. I first entered the field during a Wednesday night bowling league. The bowling alley was filled with mostly men. I walked the length of the building and couldnt find any women bowling. I soon found out this was a men just now bowling league. I was told thither was also a wo men only bowling league that occurred on Tuesdays. The majority of the men bowling were middle-aged or older. However, there were a lot of men in their twenties bowling as well. On my second entry into the field it was during a Friday night bowling league.On this night the bowlers were all different ages but with a majority of younger men and women in their twenties. When I walked the length of the bowling alley that night I counted almost an equal amount of women as I did men. In this league it was required to affirm at least two or three women on each team. This is called a mixed league. On the third night of observations, my second Wednesday night, I sat d protest at a table with a team of bowlers. Three were in their twenties and two were in their late forties. While I was talking to one of the younger men I told him how I notice a lot less women in this league whence the Friday night league.I asked what the requirements were, if any, to mating either league. He said In orde r to join this league you had to have a 180 average. He also told me this league was more competitive because it was only men and because they had the average requirement. This league has a larger amount of cash to be won at the end of the season because of the competitiveness. When the bowler referred to average he meant the average amount of pins he will commonly knock down during three games. every(prenominal) game you have the opportunity to knock down 120 pins. Each game played has ten frames. The term frames means each turn all the bowlers take.Every frame the bowler has the chance to knock down ten pins. If you knock down all ten pins at once this is called a strike. When you bowl a strike it earns you more then ten points. If you bowl a strike for every frame you sewer receive a 300 game. This is the highest score you can reach and it is very difficult to achieve. Strike Terminology 1 Strike 2 Double 3 Turkey 4 Four Bagger 5 Five Bagger 6 Six Bagger 7 Seven Bagg er 8 eighter Bagger 9 Nine Bagger 10 Ten Bagger 11 Eleven Bagger 12 Twelve Bagger I discovered the main way bowlers judge each others skills is through the average they hold.Someone with a 250 average considers himself a better bowler then someone with a 185 average, even if the lower average bowler beats him in a game. Another form of bowling hierarchy is determined by the type of ball you use. Some bowlers will pay anywhere between $250 to more than $300 for just one ball I learned that there argon different types of bowling balls made to help you throw the ball a certain way. Some people may buy a ball they can throw straight better and others buy balls they can throw with a curve better. While I was sitting at the table with the bowlers I overheard a couple of them talking about their balls.Some men used them as a way to brag to the other men. They would say the reason some other man is bowling so bad is because he has a bad, cheap ball. I also noticed the men bowlers wou ld use the weight of their balls to poke looseness at the other bowlers. They will compare their balls weight to their manhood or manliness. For instance, Wow, youre only using that little ten ram down ball. Did you borrow that from your girlfriend? Careful carrying that big sixteen pound ball you might not be big enough for that yet. pic There are many different kinds of socialization among the bowlers.They joke and tease each other, give tips on how to bowl better and they also play card games with their teammates. There are two different types of games played among the different leagues. On Wednesday night they play a game called Kiddy Pot. This is a money game played by the men bowlers only that corresponds to how well you are playing. If you miss the five pin, throw a gutter ball, or miss the head pin twice you lose a dollar. If you are hung, which in bowling terms means four members of your team strike or split during the same frame but one does not, then the somebody who misses the strike loses two dollars.If all five members of the team strike during the frame, the next frame whoever misses the strike loses a dollar. At the end of the season all of the money lost playing this game is split among the players of the team evenly. pic pic The Friday night bowling league plays a different game. This game is set up like poker game. Every member of the team who throws a strike or a split will get a card from the deck. If you miss a spare or have an open frame then a card is taken away from your pile.At the end of each game the person with the best poker hand wins. Usually any women who play this game dont lose a card if they miss a spare or have an open frame. I learned that bowling is a very complex social structure with its own set of socialization rules and terms. It is not gender or age specific. Bowlers have their own private language they use to communicate towards one another. They are generally accepting of outsiders joining in on their conversat ions and own private jokes. Is there more I could learn my entering the field and joining a league myself?

African American President Essay

Between the two articles Hell Yeah, Theres Still Slam-Banging disgraceful melody by Greg Tate and Starting Now, There Is No Such Thing as grisly euphony by Cord Jefferson, they are basically discussing the offset times of when somber Music came about and how it became labeled contraband Music. Also how there should be no such thing as Black Music due to certain circumstance.Going back to when Black Music first became labeled Black Music and judgeing about all the important Black leader who stood up for their rights and some who accomplished successful things that were once thought could only be accomplished by the sportsmanlikes, I believe Black Music being labeled Black Music should stay the same. I also think whether to be considered Black Music or not, it will always be up to ones decision on what they consider the type of melody they listen to no matter what anyone else says.What is labeled Black Music today I think has very significant and important meaning to the Afri can American culture because just like the article Hell Yeah, Theres Still Slam-banging Black Music, African Americans dont even have a country to call their own. I think having something simply as a type of music the Blacks created to call their own I dont think should be a big deal at all and should not be changed.The article also mentioned that everything Blacks did back then became a beauty, especially their music which I think would be easy for anyone to happen just knowing the history of African Americans and what they had to do just to be where they are today, slave and discrimination free. There is also plenty of successful African Americans we know about living today and from back then that went through a lot just have some recognition for the African American culture.Some of these successful African Americans not only include Musicians, but also actress and or performers, novel writers, business owners, and today a African American President. I do believe there is a such thing as Black Music simply because the music portrayed as Black Music is still continued today as well as when it first started.In the article by Cord Jefferson, hes severe to compare basketball to the matter calling it a Whites sport because it first being played by White males, but it wouldnt make sense being called a Whites sports today when today its played by many different races other than White males. Not saying that there arent non-Black people recording what we as Americans consider Black Music, but the larger majority of artist recording whats labeled as Black Music today are African Americans. Thats basically how its been since the beginning start of Black Music and thats how I believe it will stay.