Christian and Secular Counseling with a Bible Word Study Basis Essay

AbstractIn order to find at a cle arr view of christian heighten, this paper examines the similarities and differences between blasphemous and saviourian focus. It begins with a scriptural record book study to establish a basis for rescuerian advocate. The row counsel, console, and cognition atomic number 18 examined in ii(prenominal) the oldish and untested Testament. The biblical view of hash out is comp ard and contrasted with the secular view. pertinent estimable considerations be examined, specific entirelyy think to the _Bruff v. uniting Mississippi health Services, Inc.,_ 2001 case. The paper concludes with a discussion regarding rising endeavors in professed(prenominal) talk over including how to integrate the best Christian and secular works.Christian rede has been ambitious to define beca utilization session there are two distinct kinds of counseling ghostly counseling and mental health counseling (Bufford, 1997). Thus, there are umpt een a(prenominal) approaches for the example of Christian counseling that die hard from the integrationist to the nouthetic position, which has made identifying distinctive features of Christian counseling a complex task. Counselors of the nouthetic approach claim thattruth digest simply be order in the countersign, on the whole counseling models moldiness(prenominal) be exclusively from the Bible, and any integration of psychological theories mustinessiness(prenominal) be rejected. The integrationists state that god reveals his truth universally. Hence, they accept and utilize twain the techniques and the theories of psychology with Scriptural truth to up let in their knobs heal (Carter, 1999). Realizing the indigence for both unearthly counseling and mental health counseling, Bufford (1997) defined seven distinctives of Christian counseling. Clinton and Ohlschlager (2002) proposed ideas for Christian counseling that they describe as a conservation of paritycentr ic focus that seems to more accurately convey the essence of Christian counseling.In view of all this grounds to define Christian counseling, there is unruffled lots diversity of intrust among Christian counselors. In an effort to understand the biblical views of counseling, and create a more distinctive picture of what is and is non biblical counseling, a boy study on a variety of counsel terms is presented in this paper. Next, the conclusions from the articulate study are compared to the captain views of counseling including an interrogative of ger earthly concerne(predicate) honorable considerations. This paper will conclude with a discussion regarding future endeavors in professional counseling.scriptural Words Related to counsellingIn this section, a develop study was conducted to understand the biblical views of counseling. The wrangling counsel, wisdom, and facilitate were researched by first using the _Strongs Exhaustive concord of the Bible_ (Strong, 1996). Th e range of situations in which these concepts were utilize in the octogenarian and naked Testaments were researched using Richards (1985) _Expository vocabulary of Bible Words,_ Vines (1940) _Expository Dictionary of modernistic Testament Words,_ and the _Bakers evangelistic Dictionary of Biblical Theology_ (El vigorous, 1996). Several Bible commentaries were use to instance how these concepts were utilize in the Old and the New Testaments._Counsel_The Hebrew oral communication that best give notice (of) to counsel or to advise are yaatsand its derivative etsah. two words soaked advice, counsel, purpose or plan. In the Old Testament, these words are utilise to describe both the counsel of theology and the counsel of macrocosm. Yaats is employ 80 generation in the King mob Version (KJV) of the Old Testament and etsah is used 88 generation to convey the concept of counsel or advice (Blue Letter Bible (BLB), 1996-2008). When yaats and etsah are used as mankind counse l, it is usually in the context of counsel being given to kings (1 Chronicles 131 2 Chronicles 2517). Proverbs suggests that whizz should seek the counsel of many (Proverbs 1114 1522) because human beings and their counsel are both fallible. However, idols counsel is infallible, firm, and purposed (Psalms 3310-11) which is conveyed as such(prenominal) in the Old Testament when yaats and etsah are used. (Richards, 1985).In the New Testament, boule comes from the solvent word boulomai which authority to will. Bouleuo is used 8 times in the New Testament and spate mean to become counsel, to resolve (Vine, 1940). The root word boule translates to will or to purpose when divinity fudge is the context. Its derivative, bouleuo, means to take counsel, to resolve and in concert with boule is used 20 times in the New Testament. wish the Old Testament, boule is used both to mouth the counsel of idol (Luke 730 Acts 223) and the counsel of man (Ephesians 111 Hebrews 617). The compound symbouleuo refers to counsel taken together (John 1153). star other word used in the New Testament that communicates to counsel is gnome. Whereas boule is counsel as a dissolving agent of de effect, gnome is used as judgment, opinion, or counsel as a result of companionship (2 Corinthians 810). Gnome is used 9 times and symbouleuo is used 5 times (Vine, 1940)._Old Testament usage_. both(prenominal) divinity fudges counsel and human counsel are reflected by and through the use of yaats and etsah in the Old Testament. The incidents of Absalom in Samuel 1711-21 and Rehoboam in 1 Kings 121-15 illustrate how yaats is used for human counsel and suggests some plan of action to spread over with a specific situation. Ultimately, both Rehoboam and Absalom choose a course of action, nevertheless there is no certainty in human plans. However, perfect counsel is found in perfections plans (Richards, 1985). Psalms 3310-11 declares, The master foils the plans of the nations he thwarts t he purposes of thethe great unwasheds. But the plans of the ecclesiastic stand firm forever, the purposes of his heart through all generations (NIV). perfections counsel is inerrant, sufficient, and unchangeable and is at the pith of Christian counseling._New Testament usage._ The New Testament depicts the unalike paths in which human counsel is given. Symbouleuo is often used when advice is given by one individual to another and is usually in reference to plots against Jesus or the early church (Matthew 264 Acts 923). Gnome is used in an example of punishing advice found on maturity and knowledge given by capital of Minnesota to the Corinth church (2 Corinthians 810) and boule is used in the sound advice given by the highly esteemed teacher of the Pharisees, Gamaliel (Acts 533-39). Although Gamaliel gave reliable advice, it was not tested by the standard of Gods word. Nonetheless, God used Gamaliels advice to give a needed re kindle to the young church (Guzik, 2001, Acts 5, D.2). The inconsistent advice given by man contrasts the immutable counsel of God. His truth is the primary obtain by which Christian counselors test all counseling methods, techniques, and principles in order to offer sound counsel to their nodes._Comfort_Naham is the Hebrew word most often translated to give comfort in the Old Testament. It is used 108 times in the Old Testament. umpteen times naham means to console (Psalms 7121 Isaiah 4913). Its derivative, tanchuwm, means consolation (Job 1511 212) and is translated 5 times. Other meanings used in the Old Testament are support, relief, cheer up, and exhort. The last 26 chapters of Isaiah express Gods comfort (Isaiah 401) and the future see to it of the Redeemer (Baker, 1996).In the New Testament, the words parakaleo (verb) and paraklesis (noun) come from kaleo which means to call, and para meaning, alongside of. Parakaleo means to call to ones side or to summon to ones aid, scarcely this word and its various forms feces mean many other things. This word group force out be translated as invite, call, exhort, beseech, encourage, summon, instruct, comfort, and console. Parakaleo is found 109 times in the New Testament. Nine of the NIVs 17 translations of this word group meaning comfort arefound in 2 Corinthians 13-7. In these passages, Paul addresses Gods comfort during times of trouble._Old Testament usage_. Jerusalem is discouraged over the declaration nigh the coming Babylonian conquest and future exile. In Isaiah 401-2, God tells Isaiah to comfort, comfort my people (NIV) and tell tenderly as you comfort. The people of Jerusalem were broken-hearted and needed comfort. God offered that comfort through Isaiah by instructing him to speak comfort, literally speak to the heart (Guzik, 2006, Isaiah 40, A.1.c.i). The refinement of the therapeutic process is to unsex the broken-hearted person to a whole intent.Clients must believe that healing is possible, tho counselors must first comfort their anxious souls (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2002). The process of change begins with the Christian counselor speaking tenderly to his or her clients hearts and reassuring them of Gods omnipotence, omniscience, and omnipresence. Healing begins when a sense of comfort and encouragement grows from penetrative that God knows boththing, is in control of everything, is perfectly candid, and is _on my side_ (Johnson, 2003)._New Testament usage._ Clinton and Ohlschlager (2002) proposed a Paracentric focus that describes the Christian counselor as single-mindedly focused on Christ and the client. In 2 Corinthians 13-7, Paul models this idea. Pauls life is not on focused on himself, but on the Lord and on others. Paul opens his letter to the church in Corinth praising God for his mercy and comfort (2 Corinthians 13). Paul uses the Greek word paraklesis that expresses a comfort that strengthens, encourages, and overhauls one deal with distressful times.In verse four, Paul explains that God comfo rts us in all our troubles, so that we can comfort those in any trouble with the comfort we ourselves find authentic from God (NIV). Paul is thankful that he can project Gods comfort during times of trouble and use that experience to succor and comfort those in similar circumstances (Guzik, 2001, 2 Corinthians, A.2.a.i). In the aforementioned(prenominal) way, the Christian counselor, yielded to the Holy Spirit, can meet the client at his or her point of need, and begin to create a toughened work bail bond (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2002). The broken-hearted can be comforted, the weak can be support, the discouraged can be encouraged, and the misdirected can be guided (1 Thessalonians 514)._Wisdom_The basic word group expressing the idea of wisdom includes chakam and its derivatives chokmah and chokmowth. Together they occur over one hundred fifty times in the Old Testament. This word group can mean to be skillful, to instruct, or to be prudent. Biyn and sekel are also closely related and usually means understanding or appreciation. Biyn is used 170 times and sekel is used 16 times in the Old Testament. Throughout the Old Testament, wisdom is expressed in godly living that is most stand for in the book of Proverbs (Proverbs 26, 9-10, 12). Wisdom can fit into two categories. Practical wisdom, which is usually found in Proverbs, deals with the issues of an individuals life, such as family relations (Proverbs 226) and personal industry (Proverbs 815). reflective wisdom focuses on theological issues, such as the scurvy of the stark Job and the meaning of life in error correction codelesiastes (Elwell, 1996).The Greek word sophia is the word that expresses wisdom in the New Testament. Sophia is translated 51 times, and focuses on the analogous practice of godly living as set forth in the Old Testament. The censure is in 1 Corinthians 1-3 where Paul compares the wisdom of men to the hidden wisdom of God or Gods plan of salvation. Other words used are su nesis which means knowledge or understanding (Mark 1233) and phronesis which can mean wisdom or prudence (Luke 117 Ephesians 18). Sunesis is used seven times and phronesis is used twice in the New Testament (BLB)._Old Testament Usage._ In Ecclesiastes, Solomon demonstrates how wisdom must be used when teaching or counseling those who are suffering. In Ecclesiastes 128-14, Solomon focused on the immediate necessarily of the people (vs. 8). He desire to find out acceptable words and that which was written was up by rights, even words of truth (Ecclesiastes 129-10 KJV). Solomon understood that divine wisdom would be need to respond to the necessarily of the people (1 Kings 35-14). He also knew that he must offer truth found in Scriptures to direct them towards wellness (Ecclesiastes 1210) for what good will acceptable words do us if they be not upright and words of truth?(Henry, 1996). Solomon pondered, sought, and used Gods Word to meet the immediate needs of the individual. This is the essence of Christian counseling._New Testament usage._ James reflects Old Testament sentiments in his advice to bring up to God when one lacks wisdom (James 15-7). James is not just talk most knowledge, but around the ability to discern right from wrong. Later, James contrasts personal character that comes from divine wisdom and traits that are crushing and not of God (James 313-18). Wisdom that comes from God is peace-loving, considerate, submissive, full of mercy and good fruit, impartial and sincere (James 317). These traits should define competent Christian counselors. Both the Old Testament and the New Testament mark the importance to appeal to God for his divine wisdom.Comparison of Biblical Views with Professional ViewsThis section begins by identifying similarities in function and approach between Christian and secular counseling. Differences are defined by examining three different areas Philosophy of life, counseling addresss, and kickoff of truth. In the fi nal section, conclusions are drawn regarding the implications to future counseling endeavors based on the conclusions from the word study, comparisons to professional counseling, and relevant ethical considerations._Similarities between Biblical and Professional Views of Counseling__Code of Ethics._ Christian counseling and secular counseling shoot much in customary, more so in the process than in the content. One area of commonality is illustrated in the American Counseling Associations (2005) _ACA Code of Ethics_ and the American Association of Christian Counselors (2004) _AACC Code of Ethics._ Both moral philosophy codes address basic moral principles nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity that form the framework for ethical carriage and decision making for the professional counselor (Meara, Schmidt, & Day, 1996). Both ethics codes begin by addressing the primary certificate of indebtedness of the counselor to _do no harm_ to those they wait on (ACA,2005, A.4.a A ACC, 2004, 1-102). Both ethics codes also address the counselors responsibility to respect the dignity and to promote the welfare of clients (ACA, 2005, A.1.a). Providing verbal and written certified consent, ensuring that the client reasonably understands the genius and process of counseling (AACC, 2004, 1-310), as well as respecting client diversity (ACA, 2005, C.5 AACC, 2004, 1-101) are included in both ethics codes to protect the welfare of the client._Common elements._ Christian counseling and secular counseling also share many common elements in their approach. First, both counseling arrangements are goal-oriented. Although goals such as ghostlike maturity and discipleship are understandably distinctive to Christian counseling, many of the immediate goals, such as sculptural relief of depression, reduction of anxiety, and control over substance abuse are common goals in both secular and Christian counseling. Second, Christian and secular counselors use many of the same st rategies, techniques, and methods to offer hope to the counselee, build a strong therapeutic relationship, develop competencies in social living, provide support, and change destructive cognitive or behavioral patterns (Bufford, 1997). Lastly, powerful counselors in both Christian and secular counseling are characterized by warmth, sensitivity, understanding, genuine concern, trustworthiness, and competence (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2002)._Differences between Biblical and Professional Views of Counseling__Philosophies of life (View of man)._ Everyone has a philosophy of life, a way in which one views the world. Generally, secular counseling views are man-centered (anthropocentric) and biblical counseling views are God-centered (theocentric). The worldview of a counselor determines how he or she thinks about human nature, evaluates and assesses the client, and decides on treatment strategies (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2002).In secular counseling, the reason for mans existence and the goa ls to be achieved are centered upon, and revolve around man. secular counseling relies on theories influenced by behavioral, humanistic, and existential thought, but those theories have weeny to offer the client except theadvice that they should sustentation about and whop themselves (Carter, 1999). These theories emphasize a basic goodness or a basic iniquity in the soul, and focuses on what will make the individual happy, adaptive, and successful. This is their basis for self-evaluation. humanistic psychotherapy has invariably been hampered by the contradiction of encouraging unlovable selves to love themselves (Johnson, 2003, p. 84).In contrast, biblical counseling is God-centered. Christian counseling does not seat humans at the center of the universe as humanism does. In Genesis, it states that God is the creator, and he created man in his image and comparableness to be intimate and rule in a perfect world (126-225). In spite of the corruption of the fall, man still b ears the image and likeness of God and still has authority in the world as dependent creatures who desire to have a relationship with God and other people (Averbeck, 2006).It is this God-revealed concept of the nature of man that biblical counseling, both as a system and as a process of doing counseling, bases its work. Christian counselors understand that all biblical care giving falls within the larger plans and purposes of the Creator. It is comforting to know that in the midst of a contingent, unpredictable life, God, the creator, is always there to meet every need and pour out his comfort to all who seek him (Johnson, 1997). Christian counseling offers what secular counseling cannot the father of compassion and the God of all comfort (2 Corinthians 13 NIV). As man searches for meaning and contentment, God comforts and heals._Goals._ Though easing the suffering of the client is a goal in both Christian and secular counseling, it is not the last goal of the Christian counselor. All counseling systems have goals of bringing about changes in the counselee, whether they are changes in feelings, beliefs, thinking or behavior. The goals of a counseling system are largely determined by the philosophy of life held. A man-centered viewpoint will yield goals that focus on the relief of suffering and the fulfillment of personal happiness. Secular counseling holds such views. The main goals of secular counseling in treating clients are to help the client alleviate anxiety, guilt, depression, exasperation and to achieve personal happiness, contentment and self-fulfillment. Secular counselors also give counseleesmethods of self-assessment to help them continue to live life with minimal anxiety and hostility (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2002).Like the secular counselor, Christian counselors seek to change behaviors and attitudes that will bring about happiness, contentment, and greater well-being however, Christian counseling goes much deeper than changing behavior and help ing clients find happiness (Bufford, 1997). The ultimate goals of Christian counseling are to help the counselee experience interest with God and maturity in Christ (Ephesians 420-24). Placing an speech pattern on discipleship and introducing weird discip banknotes in the Christian counseling practice helps achieve these goals.Although both share similar thoughts in techniques and theories, the practice of unearthly disciplines is uniquely Christian and is an strategic factor in achieving the goals of intimacy and maturity (Willard, 2000). Collins (1996) states, Helping that leaves out the spiritual dimension in the long run has something missing. It may stimulate good feelings and help people cope with stress, but it does nothing to prepare people for eternity or help them experience the immense life here on earth (p. 15).Though the ultimate goals of Christian counseling are intimacy with God and maturity in Christ, the heart of Christian counseling is the good news of Jesus Christ (Colossians 126-27). The power of Jesus makes change, redemption, and new life possible. In the not bad(p) Commission, Jesus commands Christians to make disciples and to teach them to how to live as disciples and experience gigantic life. The Great Commission differentiates Christian counseling from secular counseling. The work of Christian counselors is incomplete until they have helped the counselee aim off the old self and put on the new by teaching and training them to live like Christ (Willard, 2000)._Source of truth_. There are more than 400 different therapy models available straight off. Effective counselors scrutinize theories for proven effectiveness and match them to personal beliefs and realities about the nature of people and change (Gladding, 2007, p. 190). Never before has it been so important to have a source of absolute truth. Christian counselors believe that the Bible is the authoritative word of God against which they can assess theirbeliefs, practic es, ideas, and actions. They believe that all Scripture is God-breathed (2 Timothy 216-17, NIV) and fully equips them for every good work. Thus, although both Christian counselors and secular counselors use many of the same counseling techniques, the Christian counselor does not use counseling techniques that are inconsistent with biblical teaching.Recent studies on therapeutic outcome encouraged the present dialect on an eclecticist approach in professional counseling. That is, most counselors today are using various theories and techniques to meet their clients unique needs. Whiston and Sexton (1993) reason out that a strong therapeutic relationship is significantly related to collateral client outcome. Tan (2003a) reported that empirically supported treatments (ESRs) and empirically supported therapy relationships (ESTs) that are specifically tailored to a clients needs produced the best therapeutic outcomes.Like Solomon (1 Kings 35-14), it is crucial that a Christian counselor be a biblically informed and responsible eclectic who prays for the discernment needed to fit the right therapy with the right client at the right time and the right stage of living (Clinton and Ohlschlager, 2002, p. 176). However, the Bible is the authoritative source of truth, and an effective Christian counselor will evaluate the moral and spiritual quality of every theory and method they use in his or her clinical practice._Ethical Considerations_Value contrasts between clients and therapists are inevitable, especially for Christian counselors working within a secular environment. Although Christian counselors may not always agree with the honours of their clients, it is essential that they respect the rights of their clients to hold a different set of determine (Hermann & Herlihy, 2006). It is also essential for Christian counselors to inform strength clients in writing, as part of the informed consent document, about their unearthly beliefs and apprizes to avert certai n ethical and legal issues as described in the following court case._Bruff v. North Mississippi Health Services, Inc., 2001_ is an elicit case that illustrates the complexity counselors confront when their valuesystem and unearthly beliefs conflict with the clients presenting problem. In 2001, the United States Court of Appeals upheld the job termination of a counselor who requested being excused from counseling a lesbian client on relationship issues because homosexuality conflicted with the counselors religious beliefs (Hermann & Herlihy, 2006, p. 414).This case illustrates both legal and ethical issues related to value imposition and conflict of set between client and counselor. The American Counseling Associations (ACA, 2005) _ACA_ _Code of Ethics_ states that counselors need to be aware of their own values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors and avoid imposing values that are inconsistent with counseling goals (A.4.b). Working with clients who hold different values can be cha llenging for counselors. It can be especially difficult for Christian counselors if those values challenge their religious values and beliefs. However, counselors must respect these differing values of clients and take care not to chaffer their values in the counseling relationship (Hermann & Herlihy, 2006).This case has particular implications for Christian counselors who find it difficult to reconcile their religious values regarding certain client issues. It is important for Christian counselors to include Christ and to incorporate Christian principles into the therapy process. However, Christian counselors primary responsibility is to uphold the inherent, God-given dignity of every human person (AACC, 2004, 1-101). Because it is unrealistic to assume that counselors will not incorporate certain value orientations into their therapeutic approaches and methods, Christian counselors have an ethical duty to clarify their assumptions, meaning beliefs, and values with the client dur ing the intake session. It is vital to be open about values but not coercive, to be a competent professional and not a missionary for a particular belief, and at the same time to be honest enough to recognize how ones value commitments may not promote health (Bergin, 1991, p. 399).Personal Applications latest data indicates that no single theory or model adequately accounts for the complexity of human behavior. Counselors will have to learn and apply an eclectic mix of therapy models and techniques to accommodate the complexity of these modern times. Christian counselors will need to consider biological, psychological, spiritual, social, cultural, economic, and environmental factors when assessing, diagnosing, and treating the unique needs of the client (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2002). consolidation spiritual direction into psychotherapy and counseling enables the counselee to focus on increasing ken of God and facilitating surrender to Gods will (Willard, 2000).The conclusions I ha ve made from what I have learned about the biblical views and professional views of counseling are that there is a place for employing both releasing techniques and spiritual direction in the counseling process, but it is essential to practice such integration in a ethical, helpful, and voguish manner. Christian counselors must use discernment when incorporating secular theories and techniques into their practice and they must be wise when incorporating spiritual disciplines into the therapy relationship. The Bible is our resource, it is the foundation for truth by which everything else is evaluated, and it is sufficient in what we need to instruct one another on how to live an abundant life (2 Timothy 316-17 1 Thessalonians 513).Christian counselors must refer to the Bible to distinguish good counseling from bad counseling. Both appropriate and inappropriate counsel is illustrated in the story of Rehoboam, who chose to ignore the advice (etsah) of the honest-to-god counselors, a nd instead listened to his young and immature peers. Their counsel lacked a awake examination of the situation, and resulted in disastrous consequences (1 Kings 121-15). Wise Christian counselors are careful to gather information and examine a situation as they help their clients. It is imperative that Christian counselors consistently ask God for the wisdom (James 15) to choose the godly path (Proverbs (1921).The ultimate goal of Christian counseling is to facilitate the spiritualgrowth of clients, rather than simply alleviating symptoms and finding a resolution to problems. Integrating spiritual disciplines into psychotherapy can be an effective tool in achieving these goals in the therapy process (Tan, 2003b). However, as seen in the _Bruff_ case, counselors must take care not to impose their religious beliefs or values on the client. The clients autonomy must be respected. Counselors must provide sufficient information regarding therapy to the client, and should include spiritu al religious goals and interventions only when proper informed consent is obtained from clients who have expressed interest in pursuing and participating in such goals and interventions.Effective Christian counselors must keep informed of the latest and best information on ESRs and ESTs in order to provide the most effective and efficient forms of psychotherapy and spiritual direction to the client (Tan, 2003a). In addition, Christian counselors should, with the consent of the client, integrate spiritual disciplines into psychotherapy. Effective Christian counselors primary focus is on meeting the needs of the client. To meet these needs Christian counselors must first comfort the broken-hearted with a comfort (nacham, parakeleo) that consoles while imparting strength, to encourage while offering a hope for a future (Isaiah 611-2).According to Grencavage and Norcross (1990), the therapists ability to cultivate hope and enhance positive expectancies within the client (p.374) was one commonality found in the qualities of effective therapists. Recent emphasis on ESRs shows the importance of a strong therapy relationship and is in line with the conclusion that healing occurs when we model the God of comfort and love. It is ultimately God who is love who brings wholeness and healing to the hurting people that we minister to through psychotherapy and counseling, using the best ESRs and ESTs available, as long as they are consistent with biblical, Christian truth, ethics, and morality (Tan, 2003a, 2003).ReferencesAmerican Association of Christian Counselors. (2004). _ACA_ _Code of ethics_. Retrieved February 27, 2008, from http//aacc.net/about-us/code-of-ethics/.American Counseling Association. (2005). _AACC Code of ethics._ Retrieved February 27, 2008, from http//www.counseling.org/Resources/CodeOfEthics/TP/Home/CT2.aspx.Averbeck, R. E. (2006). Creation and corruption, redemption and wisdom A biblical theology foundation for counseling psychology. _Journal of psycho logical science and Christianity, 25(2),_ 111-126. Retrieved February 23, 2008 from PsycINFO database.Bergin, A. E. (1991) Values and religious issues in psychotherapy and mental health. _American Psychologist_, 46(4), 394-403. Retrieved February 25, 2008 from PsycINFO database.Blue Letter Bible. 20 April 2007. Retrieved February 24, 2008 from http//www.blueletterbible.org/index.html.Bruff v. North Mississippi Health Services, Inc., 244 F.3d 495 (5th Cir. 2001).Bufford, R. (1997). Consecrated counseling Reflections on the distinctives ofChristian counseling. _Journal of psychology and Theology_, _25(1),_ 111-122. Retrieved February 23, 2008 from PsycINFO database.Carter, R. (1999). Christian Counseling An Emerging Specialty. _Counseling & Values_, _43_(3), 189. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from Academic Search Premier database.Clinton, T., & Ohlschlager, G. (Eds.). (2002). _Competent Christian counseling Foundations and practice of compassionate soul care (Vol. 1)_. Colorado Spring s Waterbrook Press.Collins, G. R. (1996). _How to be a people helper._ Wheaton, IL Tyndale.Elwell, W. A. (Ed.) (1996). _Bakers Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology._ Grand Rapids Baker Books. Retrieved February 24, 2008 from http//bible.christianity.com/References/DescriptionSearch.aspx?refid=88117&l=174731ion=Dictionaries&type=Dictionary.Gladding, S. T. (2007). _Counseling A comprehensive profession_ (5th ed.). speeding Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall.Grencavage, L. M., Norcross, J. C. (1990). Where are the commonalities among the therapeutic common factors? _Professional Psychology investigate and Practice 21(5),_ 372-378.Guzik, D. David Guziks definition on Acts. 2001. Retrieved February 24, 2008, from http//enduringword.com/commentaries/44.html.Guzik, D. David Guziks Commentary on 2 Corinthians. 2001. Retrieved February 24, 2008, from http//www.enduringword.com/commentaries/47.html.Guzik, D. David Guziks Commentary on Isaiah. 2006. Retrieved February 24, 2008, f rom http//www.enduringword.com/commentaries/23.html.Henry, M. (2006). Commentary on Ecclesiastes 12. _Matthew Henry Commentary on the Whole Bible_. Blue Letter Bible. Retrieved February 24, 2008 from http//www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/mhc/Ecc/Ecc012.htm.Hermann, M. A., Herlihy, B. R. (2006). Legal and ethical implications of refusing to counsel homosexual clients. _Journal of Counseling & Development, 84(4)_, 414-418. Retrieved February 23, 2008, from PsycINFO database.Johnson, E. L. (2003). How god is good for the soul. _Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 22(1)_, 78-88. Retrieved February 23, 2008 from Academic Search Premier database.Meara, N. M., Schmidt, L. D., & Day, J. D. (1996). Principles and virtues A foundation for ethical decisions, policies, and character. _The Counseling Psychologist, 24(1),_ 4-77. Retrieved February 23, 2008 from PsycINFO database.Richards, L. O. (1985). _Expository Dictionary of Bible Words_. Grand Rapids Zondervan.Strong, J. (1996). _Strongs Exh austive Concordance of the Bible._ Nashville Thomas Nelson Reference. Retrieved February 24, 2008 from http//www.blueletterbible.org/index.html.Tan, S. (2003a). Empirically supported therapy relationships Psychotherapy relationships that work. _Journal of Psychology and Christianity_, _22(1)_, 64-67. Retrieved February 23, 2008 from PsycINFO database.Tan, S. (2003b). Integrating spiritual direction into psychotherapy Ethical issues and guidelines. _Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 31(1)_, 14-23. Retrieved February 23, 2008 from PsycINFO database.Vine, W. E. (1940). _Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words._ Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved February 24, 2008 from http//www.tgm.org/bible.htm.Whiston, S, C., & Sexton, T. L. (1993). An overview of psychotherapy outcome research Implications for practice. _Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 24(1),_ 43-51. Retrieved February 23, 2008 from PsycINFO database.Willard, D. (2000). Spiritual formation in Christ A perspe ctive on what it is and how it might be done. _Journal of Psychology and Theology_, 28(4), 254-258. Retrieved February 23, 2008 from PsycINFO database.

Juggling and Indian Jugglers

Indian Jugglers and the meaning of life Ive just come crossways a superb essay entitled The Indian Jugglers from William Hazlitts 19th snow collection Table Talk (1828). Hazlitt starts the essay by describing his absolute perplexity upon watching Indian Jugglers perform in Londons Olympic Theatre. Hazlitt was kn let for his wildly exaggerated style. However, his genuine amazement is clear Coming forward and pose himself on the ground in his white dress and tightened turban, the chief of the Indian Jugglers begins with tossing up two brass b anys, which is what any of us could do, and concludes with keeping up 4 at the same time, which is what none of us could do to birth our lives, nor if we were to take our whole lives to do it in. Is it then a trifling major power we see at work, or is it not something next to miraculousIt is the furthest stretch of human ingenuity, which postal code barely the bending the faculties of body and idea to it from the tenderest infancy with incessant, ever-anxious application up to manhood, washbowl accomplish or sack up even a slight approach to. Man, thou art a wonderful animal, and thy ways past finding out Thou bay windowst do strange things, besides thou turnest them to elfin account To conceive of this travail of extraordinary dexterity distracts the imagination and makes admiration breathless. Hazlitt was clearly gobsmacked.He goes on to severalize next that As to the swallowing of the sword, the police ought to interfere to prevent it. . But it was the juggling act that astounded Hazlitt to such an extent that he was left disbelieving his admit worth The hearing a speech in Parliament, drawled or stammered out by the Honourable Member or the Noble Lord, the ring the changes on their common-places, which any one could repeat subsequently them as vigorous as they, stirs me not a jot, shakes not my good opinion of myself but the seeing the Indian Jugglers does. It makes me ashamed of myself.I ask wha t in that respect is that I chamberpot do as well as this Nothing. What halt I been doing all my life Have I been idle, or boast I nothing to shew for all my labour and pains Hazlitt went on in his aggravating vain fill I passed my time in pouring oral communication manage water into empty sieves, rolling a stone up a hill and then down again, trying to prove an contestation in the teeth of facts, and looking for causes in the dark, and not finding them? Is there no one thing in which I can altercate competition, that I can bring as an instance of exact perfection, in which others cannot find a flaw?The utmost I can pull in to is to write a description of what this fellow can do. I can write a book so can many others who have not even learned to spell. What abortions are these Essays What errors, what ill-pieced transitions, what crooked reasons, what lame conclusions How little is made out, and that little how ill Yet they are the best I can do. I endeavour to recollect all I have ever observed or thought upon a subject, and to express it as nearly as I can. Instead of writing on four subjects at a time, it is as much as I can manage to keep the thread of one discourse clear and unentangled.I have also time on my hands to correct my opinions, polish my periods but the one I cannot, and the other I will not do. A juggling act then left a great critic deeply critical of his own worth. The mere act of juggling four balls was all that was needed to ignite Hazlitts needling sense of failure and lack of confidence. closely of us as writers, I think, occasionally or very a great deal feel like Hazlitt. Hazlitt, unfortunately, died a poor outsider not tenacious after this essay was published. No doubt the troupe of Indians he sawing machine, presumptively far away from home and very likely getting gainful a pittance, amazed many in London and elsewhere.But Hazlitt, the enlightened post-1789er, saw something more. What he witnessed deeply affected h im personally but is also revelatory of his general approach to animadversion. The skill of the juggling that night left him open-mouthed and his rejoinder has to be written down and shaped into words. Hazlitt saw something new and antithetic and could describe the act with freshness and verve. He said of the juggling To thingmabob four balls in succession in less than a piece of time, and deliver them dorsum so as to return with seeming sentience to the hand gain, to make them revolve round him at certain intervals, like the planets in their spheres, to make them chase one another like sparkles of fire, or shoot up like flowers or meteors, to throw them behind his back and twine them round his neck like ribbons or like serpents, to do what appears an impossibility, and to do it with all the ease, the grace, the carelessness imaginable, to laugh at, to play with the glittering mockeries, to chase them with his eye as if he could fascinate them with its lambent fire, or as i f he had only to see that they kept time with the music on the stage there is something in all this which he who does not approve may be quite sure he never rattling admired any thing in the whole course of his life. Hazlitts own description of juggling illustrates his own talent and skills, sadly only apprehended in full after his death in 1830. Hazlitt appeared to make criticism as art appear easy and effortless, whether critiquing the plays of Shakespeare, writing biographies or discovering his own astonishment about Indian jugglers. Hazlitts reputation and own skill as a literary and social critic lived on long after his death, latterly prospering, in part because of this internalised child-like wonder and fascination alongside his undoubted business leader to see and describe the world anew, not least when viewing jugglers from the East.

American Business Leaders

This essay briefly describes the life and attainments of two successful the Statesn military control leaders, their brief life sketches, the ways and means used by them to achieve their success . It in any case goes to explain how each of them affected the American club and finally concludes with a comment on the cleanity of their actions.The two business worldly concern chosen for this essay are Andrew Carnegie, the pioneer of the American steel persistence who lived in the nineteenth century, and visiting card provide,the bundle wizard who has managed to change the exposition a computer, from a highly scientific equipment of 1960s, to a necessary forge of every member of every family, not lone(prenominal) in America tho the entire globe Andrew hailed from a very poor family of a hand weaver of Scotland who was given up swear outless by the power looms of the industrial revolution, and history was an entrepreneur at the age of 14 as a take come student some(p renominal) climbed up the ladder, to be respected as the captains of their ownrespective industries. living sketches I accostan to l prepare what poverty means, it was burnt to my heart that my father had to beg for work, and then came the resolve that I would cure it when I be pick out a man. . ( Andrew Carnegie) Can anyone believe that he would set about the pioneer of the formidable American steel industry and the richest man on this being? Andrew Carnegie was innate(p) in a very poor family of a hand weaver who was disposed from his work when power looms came in during the industrial revolution in Britain.His perplex used to do household work to manage daily bread. The family shifted to Pittsburgh in US in 1848. Andrew started working at the age of 17 as a wire delivery boy, and never missed an opportunity for advancement. Carnegie happened to come close to Thomas Scott, who was an official with Pennsylvanian railroad, while working at the telegraph portion. Thomas hired him as his PA, and from there he climbed up to become the later become the superintendent of Pittsburgh division. The outbreak of civil war created a huge demand for iron and steel.Andrew power saw this as an opportunity and invested in steel rolling mill. There was no looking back then. He became the richest man on this world during his times. In the later stages of his life, he exchange off his steel business and concentrated on philanthropic activities, generally for the spread of education and spherical peace. 2500 public libraries were opened with the help of his donations. He had given away $350 million as donations for the improvement of mankind. He had floated the idea of league of nations and built the palace ofpeace which later became world court . He was so disturbed by the hostilities of World War I that the uttermost(a) entry in his autobiography was on the mean solar day the war began ( Andrew Carnegie) On the opposite hand, Bill Gates, real prognosticate William Henry Gates III, was born in a rich family of Seattle, USA, to a lawyer father and aim was director in a bank. He went to the most expensive tame of Seattle, where the fees were $ 5000 as compared to $ 1760 at Harvard. He was interested in program from his archeozoic school days.The Computer Center Corporation banned students from his school, when they were caught exploiting bugs with the operating corpse to buy computer time So involved was he with programming that at the age of 14, he had already made a paysheet program in Cobol and formed a venture with his school colleagues to profit traffic counters and earn $ 20,000/- in the first year. When his age was disclosed, he was shown the entre He went to Harvard for his degree study where he met Steve Ballmer. Both joined pass on as partners to establishMicrosoft a software consultancy firm, which has become the largest software company on this world. Windows operating system, invented by Microsoft has revolutioniz ed the computer industry. Bill Gates is perhaps the entirely person to be ranked as the richest man on this world for 13 successive years, from 1993 to 2006 He announced his retirement from day to day activities in 2006, to turn his attention to philanthropic activities. ( Bill Gates) Methods Both Andrew and Bill have lived two centuries apart, and both were polesapart in their personalities and background. Hence their methods to amass riches also vary substantially. Andrew lived in times when technology was not so advanced and resources were scarce. A very fierce lust for wealth was the thrust force behind all his methods, and this force was driven by necessity. He had holdn the ghastly face of poverty in his childhood and his sole aim in life to drive it away. This was coupled with eagerness to progress and earn more. In absence of any good scholastic background, his instincts was the entirely plus he had.He kept his eyes and ears open and took a right leaping whenever he s aw a rise in income coming done that jump. Experience was the only teacher, and he was an avid learner. He did not hesitate to jump if it offered financial sees. This was coupled with a sharp sense of vision. A vision to see the shape of things to come in future. He saw an opportunity in iron and steel during the civil war, and he invested in it. Taking right steps at an appropriate time is also one of the salient methods adopted by him.Though he was an advocate of share unionism, he did not mind exploiting the workers of his own steel company, because self gain is the only motive of any businessman. This is evident from the labor strike at his company. Good administrative skills and good human relations management were the linchpin methods to his success, which has earned him the reputation of Captain of steel industry . Bill Gates has lived in a different era when technology had highly create and he had an enviable scholastic background.His methods are more intellectual than sensual. It were the intellectual abilities, especially his ability to find software solutions , that has enabled Bill to tempt the race. Like Andrew, Bill also saw an opportunity and lost no time in grabbing it. A salient highlight of Bills methodology is that he has always focused on innovations and speed. The milestones of ontogenesiss his development are witness to the fact that his thoughts are very fresh and innovative, and he worked at such great speeds thathe has always been the first to offer plain solutions. It has been Bills strategy to bank upon someone elses idea, work upon it, and present the solutions before others can do it. Bill did not see anything wrong in working upon GUI which originally someone elses idea. It was Bill who came up with the first GUI Windows-3. 1 which was an instant success. unmercifulness was one of the methods which helped Bill to attain his status as the captain of software industry. Impact on American SocietyBoth Andrew and Bill have had awed partake on the American life. Andrews daunting spirits were not only helpful in establishment of the formidable American steel industry, but also an inspiration to many youngsters who were eager to start on their own. europium was the focus of all technological development so far, but Andrew was submissive in demonstrating that America has all the resources to beat Europe in this matter. It was more often than not collect to his efforts that large scale industrialization and mass production concepts startedgaining momentum in the war torn America. Talking of Bill, he has changed not only America but the whole world. So wide and great is the impact of his thoughts and the products of his company that today almost Microsoft has become a household name over the globe. He has completely changed the way people communicate crosswise the globe. This has a massive impact on the increase in global trade and commerce. Today, a Director of a company head quartered in London can get the production figures from its units situated in America, and thesales figures from his office in Tokyo, within seconds. He should thank Bill Gates for do all these possible Moral Aspects All of us big or small, rich or poor have a neighborly obligation. Both Andrew and Gates have erred drastically during their young age in their pursual for wealth. Even though Andrew had witnessed poverty, he did not hesitate in exploiting the poor workers in his own steel company. The strike and the labor unrest due to this is a blot on his otherwise spotless career. ( Andrew Carnegie) On the other hand Billwent one step ahead, and saw nothing wrong in stealing the GUI concepts which were initiated by others. His fierce maneuvering with IBM is one more example of business practice which can be judged wrong morally. A heavy suit, filed by the American Government over Microsoft raises many questions about the estimable policies of the Company. ( Bill Gates) Both these captains, towards the end of their career have exhibited unparallel moral sense by donating huge amounts for the betterment of the society. Andrewconcentrated on improvement through and through education, while Bill has been more aggressive and even touched social issues like AIDS eradication. Andrew died as a frustrated man due to hostilities of the first world war and what happens to Bill, only time ordain tell. Works-cited page 1) Andrew Carnegie, People and events- Andrew Carnegie, 1999, Retrieved on 18-02-07 from, http//www. pbs. org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/peopleevents/pande01. html 2) Bill Gates, wikipedia the set-apart encyclopedia, 18-02-07, Retrieved on 20-02-07, From http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bill_Gates

Is Victor Frankenstein the Modern Prometheus?

Is headmaster Frankenstein the modern Prometheus? bloody shame Shelleys purpose in the subtitle of her book, Frankenstein or, the modern Prometheus is to compare master copy Frankenstein and Prometheus, son of Zeus. By showing many similarities between the two, she has solid think that Dr. Frankenstein is, in many ways, the modern Prometheus. Although both main characters create a problem they have a bun in the oven no e precisewheretop over, they learn their lesson of tampering with the law of nature. It takes date, punishment, and tests for the both of them to understand their wrongdoings. Shelleys book shows many similarities between master copy and Prometheus.In the beginning we are led to believe that master key is a scientist who, through and through experiment and analysis, has the ability to re-create life. By using metamorphosis he uses old cadaver organic structure parts to create an oversized and grievous peter (Shelley, par. 91). Like Prometheus, Frankenstei n created something he had no power or control over. Prometheus stole rear from the gods and gave it to humans, non only once provided twice. In doing so, they both went against all laws of nature. While Victor Frankenstein created a nonhuman creature and Prometheus stole fire from the gods they were both punished very severely.After Dr. Frankenstein brought his creature to life, disclose of disgust, he ran away. How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how draw and quarter the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavored to descriptor? (Shelley, par. 121). Frankenstein could non stand the sight of his intro. Looking at it made him violative and ill. The monsters oversized body and unsightly proportions brought Victor untold agony. The creature, feeling abandoned, turned to rage and attacked Victors loved ones. His bulgeset victim was William Frankenstein, Victors beloved brother.Giving Victor little time to repair from his tragic loss, t he creature attacked again. This time he lost his surmount friend, Henry Clerval. During these catastrophic events, Victor knew this was his fault. He created a monster who would appease hurting him by taking the life of the people he cared almost about. The final death of Victors family was his darling wife, Elizabeth. The creature killed her out of revenge because Frankenstein would not finish the female companion he asked to be made. Frankenstein lost the people closest to him while Prometheus was punished in a very different yet, equal way.Prometheus felt that humans should be spiffing to the gods. Having more than power and the ability to make tools and weapons, he gave them fire. Zeus was angry about this, seeing that he had taken fire away from them before. When Prometheus gave fire to man the first time, Zeus was enraged with anger and explained to Prometheus that fire was not a power man should hold. Defying Zeus, Prometheus gave it back to man anyways. This was not a enthrone Prometheus could bestow upon humans after it was taken away once. ulterior punished for his actions, he was sentenced to be chained to a rock with the political party of an eagle, hungry for his liver.The eager bird picked at Prometheus liver each day as the sun would dissipate. Overnight his liver would grow back just now he would endure this agonizing and excruciating pain all over again. Both men experienced brutal punishment. Prometheus was tortured physically, while Victor was hurt on an emotional level. After their punishment, both Dr. Frankenstein and Prometheus were given opportunities to produce themselves. The creature went to Victor and asked him to make a female companion. After seeing how compassionate the people he observed were, the creature wanted person to share those feelings with. I demand a creature of another sex, but as hideous as myself (National library of, 1998). Dr. Frankenstein began assembling the body parts to build a female creature. It took him months, but before he finished he decided against it. He thought about how he could not control the creature he already built. The thought of in that respect being two of them out there in the world sickened him. Victor was tested by having the opportunity to craft a second monster. By refusing to do so, he finally knowledgeable that trying to play paragon is not a role to be taken lightly.After Dr. Frankenstein denied the creature a mate, he soon realized this was a good thing. Prometheus was tested in a similar manner. His father, Zeus, presented Prometheus with two choices. As there was a divination that a child of Zeus would one day dethrone him, Prometheus, who had the gift of foresight, could tell Zeus the mother of the child who would do this to him. His second option was put into two parts, there had to be an immortal that was willing to go on for him, as well as a human who could kill the eagle and break Prometheus chains.Chiron, the centaur who trained Hercu les, was immortal and offered to give up his life for the pursuit of Prometheus. Hercules executed the eagle and broke the chains (The creation of,). Shelley used the simile between Victor Frankenstein and Prometheus in her book. By showing how these characters are besides in different aspects, she demonstrated how Dr. Frankenstein is indeed, the modern Prometheus. Both men took on the role of playing God by creating problems they could not manage. Even more so, they both attempted something only God could determine or have power over.While Victor Frankenstein created a monster out of cadaver parts, Prometheus disobeyed the Gods by giving man the power of fire. Each of them, being punished for doing so, learned their lesson. Shelleys character of Victor shares similar traits as Prometheus. They were both very daring and audacious. Both men had the ambition to create though it did not work in their favor it illustrated their likeness. Mary Shelley portrays Victor as a man who went against God and the law of nature. Similar to Prometheus, Frankenstein was very head tender and unfortunately for both men it was too late to repair the misemploy they had committed.Dr. Victor Frankenstein is indefinitely, the modern Prometheus. Reference Page Shelley, M. (1818). Frankenstein or, the modern Prometheus. London, England Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones Publishing House. Retrieved from http//www. gutenberg. org/files/41445/41445-h/41445-h. htm The creation of man by prometheus. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www. greekmythology. com/Myths/The_Myths/Creation_of_Man_by_Prometheus/creation_of_man_by_prometheus. html National library of medicine. (1998, February 13). Retrieved from http//www. nlm. nih. gov/frankenstein/preface. html

Geography Prelim Notes

geography preceding Exam Outline 20 multiple choice skills Short f atomic look 18 Questions Biophysical Interactions (some or whole(a) or how they integrate), population and culture integration. Extended solution vivid mental imagerys one or a combination of the four points Geography Preliminary Notes The Biophysical Environment * The Biophysical Environment is the interaction of all abiotic and biotic elements show on the planet. * Expressed another(prenominal)(prenominal) way the BPE is made up of all the features of the physical and the built environment and how these features interrelate. The BPE is wherefore the interactions, which occur between the aura, Lithosphere, Biosphere and Hydrosphere. nimbus * Atmosphere, mixture of gases surrounding all celestial object that has a gravitative field strong enough to prevent the gases from escaping especially the gaseous gasbag of the earth. The principal constituents of the automatic teller of the earth ar nitrogen (78 perpenny) and oxygen (21 pct). The atmospheric gases in the remaining 1 percent be argon (0. 9 percent), carbon dioxide (0. 3 percent), varying amounts of pissing vapour, and trace amounts of enthalpy, ozone, methane, carbon monoxide, helium, neon, krypton, and xenon. * The wet-vapour sate of the air varies considerably, depending on the temperature and relative humidness. With 100 percent relative humidity the water-vapour content of air varies from 190 parts per one million million (ppm) at -40 C to 42,000 ppm at 30 C. Minute quantities of other gases, much(prenominal) as ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, and oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, are temporary constituents of the automatic teller machine in the vicinity of vol ro r offineoes and are washed out of the air by rain or snow.Divisions of the Atmosphere Without our zephyr, there would be no life on earth. A comparatively gauzy envelope, the atmosphere consists of layers of gases that support life open fire provide s ecurity measure from harmful radiation. Issues related to the Atmosphere * Daily weather conditions, climatic conditions (seasonal/ bunco-run/ yen-term/cyclical) * Global warming, nursery Effect (GHE) * Ozone depletion * Acid rain * Smog, photochemical smog, brown haze * Radioactive fallout Atmosphere Impacts Oxides and other pollutants added to the atmosphere by factories and automobiles pay covering become a major have-to doe with, however, beca enjoyment of their damaging cause in the go for for of acid rain. In addition, the strong possibility exists that the poise increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, mainly as the dissolver of fossil-fuel combustion everywhere the past century, may affect the earths climate (for physical exertion enhanced Greenhouse Effect). * Similar c at one timerns are posed by the acutely increase in atmospheric methane.Methane levels have risen 11 per cent since 1978. About 80 per cent of the gas is produced by decomposition in rice paddies, swamps, and the intestines of grazing animals, and by tropical termites. homophilee activities that tend to speed up these processes acknowledge raising more livestock and growing more rice. similarly adding to the greenhouse erect, methane reduces the volume of atmospheric hydroxyl ions, thereby curtailing the atmospheres ability to emend itself of pollutants. (for display case photochemical smog) Atmosphere Ozone DepletionThe ozone layer became a subject of concern in the early 1970s when it was found that chemicals known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), were emanation into the atmosphere in large quantities because of their use as refrigerants and as propellants in aerosol dispensers. The concern centred on the possibility that these compounds, with and through with(predicate) the action of solariselight, could chemically attack and destroy stratospheric ozone, which protects the earths surface from excessive ultraviolet radiation. HYDROSPHERE * The hydrosphere refers to all watery and frozen surface waters, groundwater held in soil and rock, and atmospheric water vapour. wet is the most abundant substance at the surface of the Earth. About 1. 4 billion cubic kilometres of water in liquid and frozen contrive make up the oceans, lakes, streams, glaciers, and groundwater. * Central to any discussion of the hydrosphere is the concept of the hydrologic wheel around. This wheel consists of a group of reservoirs containing water, the processes by which water is changered from one reservoir to another (or transformed from one state to another), and the rates of transfer associated with such processes.These transfer paths penetrate the entire hydrosphere, extending upward to almost 15 kilometres in the Earths atmosphere and downward to depths in the order of five kilometres into the crust. * Although water storage in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere is small, the rate of water circulation through the rainriveroceanatmosphere system is relatively rapid. The amount of water discharged each course of instruction into the oceans from the land is approximately equal to the total mass of water stored at any instant in rivers and lakes. The biosphere, though primarily H2O in composition, contains very lowly of the total water at the planetary surface, all about 0. 00004 per cent. Yet, the biosphere plays a major enjoyment in the transport of water vapour back into the atmosphere by the process of transpiration. Impact of Human Activities on the Hydrosphere * The activities of modern society are having a severe mend on the hydrologic cycle. * humankind alter the rude(a) functioning of the water cycle through quantitative or qualitative changes to the cycle. For example the dynamic regular state is being disturbed by the discharge of toxic chemicals, radioactive substances, and other industrial wastes and by the seepage of mineral fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides into surface and subterranean aquatic systems. Inadv ertent and deliberate discharge of petroleum, improper sewage disposal, and caloric pollution also are severely affecting the quality of the hydrosphere. * Humans alter the quantity of water available through by a range of activities such as the construction of Dams.Weirs, irrigation schemes, aqueducts, reservoirs, dyke & levee schemes and land refilling projects. * In more subtle ways valet through enhancing the Greenhouse Effect may be changing regional climates and therefore rainwater patterns within regions. * While large scale dams go off mitigate flowage damage, provide Hydro-electric vigor and reliable water supply they also place significant environmental and ecological costs. * People alter the quality of water in legion(predicate) ways such as through domestic, agricultural, technical and industrial pollution. The pollution of waterways is classified according to point or non-point pollution. * taint in waterways can mean the quality of water is unfit for huma n consumption (toxic to humans) or of a low enough quality to seriously trespass on the ecology of the water system. LITHOSPHERE * The Earths outermost rigid, restive layer is called the lithosphere. It is disturbed, like a slightly cracked eggshell, into about a dozen separate rigid blocks, or plates. There are twain types of plates, oceanic and continental.An example of an oceanic plate is the peaceful ordered series, which extends from the East Pacific Rise to the deep-ocean trenches bordering the western part of the Pacific basin. The North American Plate exemplifies a continental plate. * The upper layer of the lithosphere is termed the crust. * The earths crust is comprised of bedrock material in various situ * Rocks are usually divided into trio major classes according to the processes that resulted in their formation.These classes are (1) fervent rocks, which have solidified from molten material called magma (2) sedimentary rocks, those consisting of fragments deriv ed from pre-existing rocks or of materials precipitated from solutions and (3) metamorphic rocks, which have been derived from each igneous or sedimentary rocks below conditions that ca apply changes in mineralogical composition, texture, and internal structure. * Elements of weathering, erosion and gradational forces over time then shape these rock components into landform.This is known as the geomorphological process. * Such forces as tectonic plate movement, fluvial action, gradational forces and the action of the wind and fair weather shape landform features. * Tectonic plates move in three main ways relative to each other. Translation, seduction and convergence (Spreading). The results of this plate movement is often seen as volcanic activity (eruptions, geysers, hot springs) as earthquakes or tremors and in subsidence, land slips and slumping. * Fluvial action is the process of water eroding, transporting and depositing rock material. jumper cable can erode rock material by blasting, while the sun heating up rock and the rock cooling can agree it down in a process call exfoliation. The top three soil issues confronting Australia are 1. Loss of valuable topsoil due to over-clearing and consequent erosion 2. Soils salinity as result of over-clearing and or irrigation rasing the water put off and bringing salt to the surface. 3. Acid Sulfate soil exposure as a result of construction and mining exposing acid sulfates locked up in soil and these sulfates leaching into local waterways. BIOSPHERE The Biosphere is defined as the relatively thin life-supporting stratum of the Earths surface, extending from a few kilometres into the atmosphere to the deep-sea vents of the oceans. * The biosphere is a ball-shaped ecosystem composed of alimentation organisms (biota) and the abiotic (non bread and butter) factors from which they derive vim and nutrients. * The biosphere can be broken down into segments of abiotic and biotic components, called ecosystems. Oceans, lakes, and wetlands are examples of aquatic ecosystems, while forests, deserts, and tundra are examples of terrestrial ecosystems.Through these systems, energy flows and chemicals essential to life are cycled in what is known as biogeochemical cycles. * The biosphere itself can be studied as a intercontinental ecosystem through which the interconnectedness of all life and life-supporting systems on the Earth can be understood. * The earths biodiversity (total known stock of varying species of fauna and industrial plant on the planet) is classified into several major Biomes. Each Biome is made up of a multitude of interconnected and interrelating ecosystems. An ecosystem is defined as the complex of living organisms, their physical environment, and all their interrelationships in a particular unit of space. * An ecosystem can be categorized into its abiotic constituents, including minerals, climate, soil, water, sunlight, and all other nonliving elements, and its biotic con stituents, consisting of all its living members. Linking these constituents together are ii major forces the flow of energy through the ecosystem, and the cycling of nutrients within the ecosystem. Cycles within ecosystems which transfer / transform energy and matter are known as the Biogeochemical cycles (eg. Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous etc.. ) * The biosphere supports between 3 and 30 million species of plants, animals, fungi, single-celled prokaryotes such as bacteria, and single-celled eukaryotes such as protozoans. Of this total, merely about 1. 4 million species have been named so far, and fewer than 1 percent have been studied for their ecological relationships and their role in ecosystems. * A little more than half the named species are insects, which decree errestrial and freshwater communities worldwide the laboratories of systematises are filled with insect species yet to be named and described. Hence, the relationships of organisms to their environments and the roles that species play in the biosphere are only beginning to be understood. BIOPYSICAL environs Impacts of Humans on the Biophysical Environment * The biosphere supports between 3 and 30 million species of plants, animals, fungi, single-celled prokaryotes such as bacteria, and single-celled eukaryotes such as protozoans. Of this total, only about 1. million species have been named so far, and fewer than 1 percent have been studied for their ecological relationships and their role in ecosystems. * A little more than half the named species are insects, which dominate terrestrial and freshwater communities worldwide the laboratories of systematises are filled with insect species yet to be named and described. Hence, the relationships of organisms to their environments and the roles that species play in the biosphere are only beginning to be understood. Management Strategies for human impacts on BPE Management strategies can be based on a come up of approaches such as reactionar y, precautionary or proactive care. * As many issues have multiple causal factors at a variety of scales any successful management strategies must be designed with this in mind. very much the real measure of success of a management strategy is a direct reflection of effectiveness or otherwise of a co-ordinating authority. * An example of this need for a co-ordinated response to management can be seen through reviewing the Murray Darling Basin Commission (MDBC).This authority must oversee management strategies in literally hundreds of sub-catchments of the Murray Darling river and across local, state and federal levels of jurisdiction. Natural Resources Definition of a Natural Resource A natural imagination is any part of the biophysical environment that can be used in some way to satisfy human needs. For example air, water, forests, minerals. They can either be either RENEWABLE or NON-RENEWABLE. RENEWABLE RESOURCES Renewable choices are those that are naturally renewed within a sufficiently short time span to be useful to human beings.There are two categories of renewable resources * Non-critical zone resources * Critical zone resources Non-critical zone renewable resources * These types of natural resources remain renewable irrespective of how much and how often humans use them * Some examples include solar energy, tides, wing, waves, water and air. Critical zone renewable resources * These are resources that naturally renew within short periods of time but can be affected by how much and how often humans use them, That is humans use them before they can be renewed. * Examples include fish, forests, animals, soil, underground water (aquifers)NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES * These are resources that have taken millions of years to form * These are resources that are deemed to be in fixed supply that is once they are used they can never be replaced. There are two categories of non renewable resources * CONSUMED BY USE and * RECYCLABLE OR theoretically RECOVERABLE Consumed by use Non-renewable * These are resources that once used they can not be replaced. These are basically the fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal. There are called fossil fuels because they were once living organisms million years ago. * Because of the rate of use in recent quantify these resources could ace exhaustion. It is predicted that after 2008 that oil will reduce as we have used it up. Recyclable or Theoretically Recoverable Non-renewable * These are the all-metal minerals that are mined such as iron ore, aluminum copper, gold, argent etc. These also take millions of years to be created and once used they too cannot be replaced the significant difference is that these resources can be reused or recycled. Think of aluminum cans or metal scrap yards. What constitutes a resource? For these resources defined earlier several conditions must exist before it can actually become a resource. 1.It must be recognized as being a resource indirectly or directly. 2. There must be the skills, equipment and social organization present to transform the resource into something useful. 3. The shifting must be achieved at a cost and convenience that make it more appropriate than an alternative. 4. The adverse impacts generated by the activity must be acceptable to society. What a natural resource is, depends on a number of factors 1. Economic what is the cost of extraction e. g. , extracting petroleum out of deep-sea deposits is big-ticket(prenominal) and risky the deep sea well in the golf of Mexico. 2.Cultural What is a resource for one culture might not be for another e. g. Kangaroo meat. 3. Technology the resource might not be technologically workable at the moment e. g. fusion power 4. Political governments might grow exploitation of natural resources for strategic, economic & political reasons e. g. the cotton industry in Australia is a result of government policy in the 1960s that cherished to reduce our reliance on imported cotton. 5. Environment and health factors concerns about the impact on the environment and the health of people and ecosystems may effect the nature and rater if resources exploitation.Environment + Impact Statements (EIS) are often used to assess the impact on ecosystems of the exploitation of a resource. Economic & political issues related to the use of natural resource, their ownership and management 1. Rate of use Supply and inquire * Economically, natural resources will be used at a high rate while that resource is in demand. * If demand is reduced over time it could have economic repercussions for the country that relied on its sale germane(predicate) to the economic well being of many developing countries. They take out large loans to help develop their country based on the carrying into action of selling their natural resources * Once demand decreases their ability to pay back the loan is reduced which then makes the country more in debt. * coin made from selling the resourc es is used to pay off interest on the loans and little is put back into the country to make it better off. 2. act demand for a resource * Can jeopardise economic successfulness due to economically unsustainable practices * Uncontrolled exploitation may jeopardise long term production levels.A good example of this is fishing. * May cause stocks to be reduced * Threat to the preservation of the fish species * Industry and jobs would be mixed-up * Boat owners would incur increasing debts * Food supplies would be threatened by high prices and limited availability Political Issues 1. Opposing views * Political issues of resource use can arise when competing groups wish to use the same resources. * Countries who enmity ownership of a major resource e. g. the waters of a river that flows through more than one country. * Subgroups within a society

Research Paper “Eragon”

A CHARACTER subject field OF THE PROTAGONIST IN CHRISTOPHER PAOLINIS ERAGON A Research Paper Presented to the full(prenominal) School Department Holy Angel University by Zwitsel P. Su arzCristle Yumul Alyssa jubilate S. SomeraLorenz A. Zamora Pamela Joy P. Sotto Mark Louie S. Venzon Aira Joy Teopaco Ian Jasper Villena to Mrs, Anna Ruby S. Perez 1 March 2011 Eragon Controlling suggest To show the traits of the whiz in Christopher Paolinis Eragon by character analysis. 1. fundament 1. 1. Background of the pen 1. 2. Summary of the novel 1. 3. Definition of term 1. 3. 1. superstar 1. 3. 2 Character analysis . 3. 3. Trait 1. 3. 4. firedrake passenger 1. 3. 5. Urgal 1. 3. 6. Varden 1. 3. 7. Razac 1. 3. 8. Alagaesia 1. 3. 9. The goad 2. Body 2. 1. Background of Eragon 2. 2. Traits of Eragon 2. 2. 1. Brave 2. 2. 2. Vigilant 2. 2. 3. Kind 2. 2. 4. trusty 2. 2. 5. Determined 2. 2. 6. Persevere 3. Conclusion References Chapter 1 Introduction Eragon is chosen to be the focus of the study because he is the main character of the story. And the researchers testament insight and share some ideas how to present the character of Eragon creatively. The story talks around genus Dracos and dragon passengers who follow in a magical kingdom.People live peacefully at that place until one and only(a) day, a new-fangled dragon passenger betrays his race. His name is Galbatorix. He kills wholly dragons and riders because he wants to be the most right on in the kingdom. Be flood tide successful, he rules the kingdom of Alagaesia. But there is this Elven lady, who is a princess, taking care of the last dragon egg, which is their last and only hope. She sends it to the Spine and there, a young farm boy sees it in the middle of the fo appease. This young poor boy named Eragon thinks it was a precious luscious stone. He tries to carry it but no one gets it. Until one ay, he sees the egg cracking. He is amazed because he sees a cute little dragon coming after him. Wit hout kip downing, Eragons fate with the dragon is now starting. They are ordain to beat Galbatorixs reign and be the last dragon and rider. The adventures of Eragon leave show his different traits, which are universe lavishlylighted in this study. Background of the rootage Christopher Paolini (born November 17, 1983 in Southern California) is an American novelist. He is best cognise as the author of the Inheritance Cycle, which consists of the books Eragon, Eldest, Brisingr, and a currently untitled fourth book.He lives in nirvana Valley, Montana, where he wrote his starting signal book. Christopher Paolini was raised in the Paradise Valley, Montana res publica. His family members include his parents, Kenneth Paolini and Talita Hodgkinson, and his sister, Angela Paolini. Home naturalizeed for the duration of his education, Paolini graduated from high school at the age of 15 with a set of accredited correspondence courses from American School of Correspondence in Lansing, Illinois. Following graduation, he started his work on what would become the novel Eragon, the first of a serial publication set in the mythical land of Alagaesia.In 2002, Eragon was published by Paolini International LLC, Paolinis parents company. To promote the book, Paolini toured oer 135 schools and libraries, discussing reading and writing, all the sequence dressed in a medieval costume of red shirt, stormy black pants, lace-up boots, and a jaunty black cap. Paolini created the cover art for the first edition of Eragon, which featured Saphiras eye. He in any case drew the maps on the inner(a) covers of his books. In summer 2002, the stepson of author Carl Hiaasen found Eragon in a bookstore and loved it, and Hiaasen brought it to the attention of his publisher, Alfred A.Knopf. Knopf subsequently made an offer to publish Eragon and the rest of the Inheritance cycle. The second edition of Eragon was published by Knopf in appalling 2003. At the age of nineteen, Paolini bec ame a New York Times bestselling author. Eragon has since been adapted into a film of the same name. Eldest, the sequel to Eragon, was released August 23, 2005. The third book in the cycle, Brisingr, was released on September 20, 2008. Although the Inheritance Cycle was planned as a trilogy, the details for Brisingr had to be expanded to include a fourth book, that has thus far to be titled(http//en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Christopher_Paolini). Christopher Paoliniss abiding love of fantasy and science manufacture inspired him to begin writing his debut novel, Eragon when he graduated from high school at fifteen after existence home schooled all his life. He became a New York Times best selling author at nineteen. Christopher Paolini lives in Montana, where the dramatic landscape feeds his visions of Alagaesia(www. Alagaesia. com). Summary of the novel The 15 year octogenarian resident of Carvahall, Eragon, starts the book by imageing a st order full-bodied stone while traversing T he Spine, a moundous area outside his home.The world in which this novel takes place is known as Alagaesia, chthonic the control of Galbatorix, a fallen firedrake Rider, now evil. These dragon riders used to be the peace keepers of the world, but when his dragon died, Galbatorix went mad and killed his swell riders. Eragons blue stone hatches eventually and from it emerges a dragon. Because of the rarity of the return (dragons are supposed to be extinct), Eragon keeps his find secret and raises his dragon a mien(p) from prying eyes, until two dark Razac enter the town tone for the stone.The dragon, named Saphira, leaves the town with Eragon to hide in the forest. While Eragon is a dash, the Razac kill Eragons Uncle Garrow and burn his house down. In response, Eragon declares himself a new Dragon Rider in the vain of those past, the peace keepers, before Galbatorix betrayed them. Eragon takes with him on his journeys Brom, a weaver of stories from his town with knowledge on e verything Eragon needs to protect himself and defeat the Razac. The threesome finally reach the town of Teirm where Brom learns that the Razac are in Helgrind, the four-peaked mountain near the city of Dras-Leona.The three travel there and are lured into a trap set by the Razac, failing to find the revenge that Eragon so desparately seeks. Rescued by Murtagh, an unknown stranger, Eragon and Saphira survive, but his wise man Bram is hurt and curtly dies. He reveals before his death though that he was once a Dragon Rider, betrayed by Gaslbatorix like the others, his dragon murdered. later on Galbatorixs coup, Brom became a member of Varden, and sniped the unhatched egg that Eragon eventually found, Saphiras blue stone. a desire with Murtagh, Eragon and Saphira set out to find Varden to suffice them.Along their journey, Eragon begins to have odd dreams of a mysterious female elf in trouble. When Eragon is captured, he finally meets her, both of them imprisoned together. Murtagh and Saphira strike the prison though and manage to resuce both Eragon and the elf. During the rescue, the three encounter stand in, a horrible puppet that should non be awake. The revalation of such a horrible creature destitute upon the world causes the three to assume that Galbatorix is in league with darker forces yet. On the way to the Varden, Eragon essential deal with an immense influx of foes and risks, including an army of Urgals chasing them all the way there.The Vardens fortress, located in the depths of the Beor Mountains, is host to groups of dwarves, elves, and Varden, who are in league, having sent Saphiras egg to The Spine where Eragon found it. Given a short rest, the three along with the Varden and their allies must prepare for the arrival of the Urgal as the approach shot the mountain. They learn for current that Galbatorix is in league with the dark forces from a stolen messenge and soon they are in a battle with the Urgal. During the battle, the Urgals are c lose to defeating the Varden until Eragon defeats the Shade they encountered earlier.However, the battle with the Shade leaves him horribly disfigured and in pain. When the battle ends, cloture the first chapter in the Inheritance trilogy, Eragon is preparing to go study with the elves(http//www. wikisummaries. org/Eragon). Definition of terms Protagonist- A protagonist (from the Greek protagonistes, one who plays the first part, chief faker) is the main character (the central or primary personal figure) of a literary, theatrical, cinematic, or musical narrative, around whom the events of the narratives plot revolve and with whom the audience is intend to share the most empathy(http//en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Protagonist). Character Analysis- a systematic investigation of the character of an individual with special attention to psychologic defenses and motivations, usually undertaken to improve behavior(http//medical-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/character+analysis). Trait- A d istinguishing feature, as of a persons character(http//www. thefreedictionary. com/trait). Dragon Rider- A Dragon Rider is a person, Elf or Human, bonded by thought with a Dragon. A Dragon Rider is identified by the shining palm, the Gedwey Ignasia. In the Ancient dustup dragon rider is Shurtugal(http//www. shurtugal. com/wiki/index. hp5/Dragon_Rider). Urgal- Urgals were a race of sentient creatures that inhabited Alagaesia. oblige by Durza into the service of Galbatorix, they were considered evil by most humans, but were not inherently so. Though most were uneducated, they made up with brute force, majestic fighting and commanding skills. They were used as expendable shock serviceman of Galbatorixs army. The Urgal language was a simple, guttural language. Only a few phrases were known to outsiders, and most of them were related to war and fighting. Also, they were one of the races capable of using magic(http//inheritance. wikia. com/wiki/Urgal).Varden- The Varden were members of an alliance that opposed the rule of King Galbatorix and his Empire. They consisted mainly of men and dwarves, though there was a conjunction between the Varden and the elves, as well. The Varden also enlisted the aid of a group of magicians known as the Du Vrangr Gata (translated The Wandering Path). The Surdans are also known to aid the Varden in transporting supplies and shelter those who wish not to fight(http//inheritance. wikia. com/wiki/Varden). Razac- The Razac (or Lethrblaka when full-grown) were one of the several(prenominal) ancient races that followed the humans across the sea to Alagaesia.They were a race that fed on humans and likely came from the same homelands. Razacs trace have the power to paralyze humans in a dream-like state, however, it nevertheless clouds the minds of dwarves and is ineffective against elves altogether(http//inheritance. wikia. com/wiki/Razac). Alagaesia- Alagaesia is a large continent with variegated humour and terrain, home to a wide num ber of creatures such as humans, elves, dwarves, Urgals and dragons. several(prenominal) of the races inhabiting Alagaesia, including humans, elves, and Urgals, were not native to the land, having migrated to Alagaesia in centuries past(http//inheritance. ikia. com/wiki/Alaga%C3%ABsia). The Spine- The Spine was a mountain range that ran down the west coast of Alagaesia. It had only one major pass, along the Toark River, which isolated the coast. Most people in the Empire affrighted the Spine and the danger it represented, peculiarly since Galbatorix lost nearly half his army in it during his bid against the Dragon Riders. After this incident, inviolablely anyone dared to venture near to this dangerous mountain range(http//inheritance. wikia. com/wiki/The_Spine). Chapter 2 This part of the discussion highlights the different traits of Eragon.Background of Eragon Eragon is the main protagonist of the Inheritance Cycle, written by Christopher Paolini. Eragon is a male, the first in a new generation of Dragon Riders. He was trained by Brom an old story teller from his village and Oromis, and was chosen by Saphira, a blue dragon, to be her Rider. Traits of Eragon Brave Bravery is the condition or quality of being heroic courage(http//www. thefreedictionary. com/bravery). As a Spanish matador once said, Bravery is accept in yourself, and that thing nobody can teach you. (El Cordobes, 1936), being brave is having trust in yourself.It is the major power to confront fear, pain, risk/danger, uncertainty, or intimidation. Eragon is a brave person. The deer he was hunting had led him deep into the Spine, a range of untamed mountains that extended up and down the land of Alagaesia. unnamed tales and men often came from those mountains, usually boding ill. De raise that, Eragon did not fear the Spinehe was the only hunter near Carvahall who dared track indorse deep into its craggy recesses. Eragons bravery is also proven when he battled with his enemies like Shade , Urgals, and Razac which arent easy to kill.Vigilant Vigilance the ability to maintain attention and alertness over prolonged periods of time(http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vigilance). Being quick-sighted is being alert. One of Eragons trait is being alert. It is proven in the first chapter of the novel. When Eragon saw a polished blue stone and indomitable to pick it. But before he picked the stone, he watched for danger for several long minutes, but the only thing that moves was the mist. Cautiously, he released the tension from his stalk and moved forward. Moonlight cast him in pale shadow as he stopped before the stone.He nudged it with an arrow, then jumped back. Nothing happened, so he warily picked it up. This only proves that Eragon is vigilant in his actions. He makes sure that nothing dangerous will happen to him if he picks up to blue stone he saw in the Spine. Kind Being manakin is a way of living that keeps giving long after the course thoughts, address, and actio ns have taken place. Kindness is a force without force, and it goes well beyond manners to the very heart of how people respect and treat one another. Kindness is the act or the state of being kind ie. arked by goodness and charitable behavior, mild disposition, pleasantness, tenderness and concern for others. It is known as a virtue, and recognized as a value in numerous cultures and religions(http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kindness). Eragon is kind. It is proven in the 5th chapter of the story, when he spent a long time with the dragon. He untied it, set it on his shoulder, and went to explore the woods. The snow-laden trees watched over them like solemn pillars of a great cathedral. In that isolation, Eragon showed the dragon what he knew about the forest, not caring if it understood his meaning.It was the simple act of sacramental manduction that mattered. Eragon kept the dragon, he fed her, took care of her, and treated her like in a nice way even if he doesnt know anything ab out the dragon. Responsible Responsibility is a duty or an liability to satisfactorily perform or complete a task (assigned by someone, or created by ones own promise or circumstances) that one must foregather, and which has a consequent penalty for failure(http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/responsibility. html). Responsibleit is one of the words that best describes Eragon.As he accepted his fate onto being a dragon rider, he also accepted its responsibilities, to care for Saphira, to rescue Arya, to help the Varden, and to fight the Empire. All of these responsibilities as the dragon rider were fulfilled by means of his trait of being responsible. Determined A determined soul will do more with a rusty monkey wrench than a loafer will accomplish with all the tools in a apparatus shop. (Robert Hughes, 1978). Determinedness is devoting full might and concentrated attention to(http//www. thefreedictionary. com/determinedness). Being determined is being strongly motivat ed to succeed.It is having a strong desire for success or achievement Eragon is determined to fulfill his mission as the dragon rider that will save Alagaesia from the evilness of King Galbatorix. And because of his determinedness, he works hard to learn about sparring, his enemies, the ancient language, and how to use his magic properly through his teacher, Brom in order for him to be successful in his mission of kill his enemies. Persevere Most of the important things in the world have been everlasting(a) by people who have kept on trying when there seemed to be no hope at all.. (Dale Carnegie, 1981).Perseverance is steady persistence in a course of action, a purpose, a state, etc. , especially in spite of difficulties, obstacles, or discouragement(http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/perseverance). Perseverance falls under the larger category of courage because it often involves continuing along a path in the midst of and after having faced opposition and perhaps failure. Perseverance involves the ability to seek a goal in spite of obstacles. Eragon is a persevere dragon rider. Being persevere, he continues his journey to fulfill his mission even if there are many obstacles along his way.In the first part of the story, Eragon was attacked by the opponents which caused him to get a lot of wounds. in that location was also a time when Urgals under the command of the Shade, Durza captured Eragon and imprisoned him. In spite of facing these challenges/obstacles, Eragon still continues to stand and doing his best for his duties to be fulfilled. Chapter 3 Conclusion Through character analysis, the researchers have shown the traits of the main protagonist in Christopher Paolinis Eragon. The traits of Eragon are proven through the use of different references. He is brave for having the courage to confront fear or danger.He is vigilant for maintaining attention and alertness over prolonged periods of time. He is kind for overlap the goodness in his heart an d having concern to others. His sense of responsibility is shown through the tasks that were given to him because he fulfilled those tasks. He is determined for devoting his full strength and attention to his mission and for desiring success to it. And lastly, he possesses perseverance because he continues to go on to fulfill his tasks even if there are many obstacles along the way. Eragon is the protagonist or hero in the story.The researchers therefore conclude that he possesses good traits as the main character. References Paolini, C. (2002). Eragon. New York Alfred A. Knopf publishing house. Christopher Paolini Retrieved February 10, 2011, From http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Christopher_Paolini. About the reference Retrieved February 10, 2011, From www. Alagaesia. com. Eragon Summary Retrieved February 10, 2011, From http//www. wikisummaries. org/Eragon. Protagonist Retrieved February 15, 2011, From http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Protagonist. Character Analysis Retrieved February 15, 2011, From http//medical-dictionary. hefreedictionary. com/character+analysis. Trait Retrieved February 15, 2011, From http//www. thefreedictionary. com/trait. Dragon Rider Retrieved February 15, 2011, From http//www. shurtugal. com/wiki/index. php5/Dragon_Rider. Urgal Retrieved February 15, 2011, From http//inheritance. wikia. com/wiki/Urgal. Varden Retrieved February 15, 2011, From http//inheritance. wikia. com/wiki/Varden. Razac Retrieved February 15, 2011, From http//inheritance. wikia. com/wiki/Razac. Alagaesia Retrieved February 15, 2011, From http//inheritance. wikia. com/wiki/Alaga%C3%ABsia.

Motherland Speech Essay

Long age ago we made a tryst with destiny, and directly the time comes when we go forth surrender our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but actually substantially. At the stab of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and granting immunity. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends and when the soul of a nation, spacious suppressed, finds utterance . We end to daytime a period of ill fortune, and India discovers herself again. A country got rid of her foreign yoke and became a sovereign nation, she keep her sovereignty on this day the triumph of numerous martyred souls.It was a day of fulfillment, it was the day of a new beginning, a birth of a nation.On the stroke of midnight, a country came into life again as the british pass on over the governance to the leaders.The long and difficult struggle had borne fruit at last, though the happiness was marred by the fact that the country was separate and the violent communal riots had left the countries permanently scarred. That was the price that India paid for her dearly bought freedom. The british government declared the country independent and left for their feature shores.On the 15th of August, 1947, India became completely independent. It was on this historic date that Jawaharlal Nehru, the rootage prime Minister of India, unfurled the Indian tricolor on the ramparts the magnificent wild Fort, symbolically marking the end of the british colonial rule.. Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, the world still sleeps ,ourselves to cooperate with them in furthering peace, freedom and democracy. And to India, our much-loved motherland, the ancient, the eternal and the ever-new, we

Developmental psychology Essay

Developmental psychology is a field that studies the diverse coifs of ripening of gentle psychology. There be many different pretenses of reading theory of cognitive phylogenesis by Jean Piaget, psychosexual tiers of Sigmund Freud, stages of self-importance development by Jane Loevinger, model of hierarchical complexity by Michael Commons, stages of trustfulness development by James W. Fowler, stages of psychosocial development by Erik Erikson, stages of moral development by Lawrence Kohlberg, hierarchy of needs by Abraham Maslow, etc.Erik Erikson formulated the stages of psychosocial development as an extension of Freuds stages of psychosexual development. Erikson proposed eight stages of normal human developmentInfancyToddlerPre-schoolSchoolAdolescenceYoung adulthood snapper adulthoodLate adulthoodThe primary conflict in infancy or oral sensory age (birth to 12-18 months) is between trust and mistrust. In the toddler or muscular anal age (18 months to 3 years) stage, t hither is a conflict between autonomy and shame initiative and ungodliness in the pre-school or locomotor (3 to 6 years) stage industry and lower rank in the school latency (6 to 12 years) age identicalness and map confusion in the adolescence (12 to 18 years) stage intimacy and isolation during untried adulthood (19 to 40 years) generativity and stagnation in middle adulthood (40 to 65 years) and ego integrity and despair in late adulthood (65 to death).In the first stage a baby is totally dependent on its p atomic number 18nts and it is up to the p arnts to develop a relationship of trust between the child and themselves. Such a child will grow up to be a more(prenominal) secure individual. During the second stage children grain more personal control over their lives such as fetching things for themselves, tooshie training and asking for what they want. Play is an grave component of the third stage. During the 4th stage children develop sense of accomplishment and pride .In the adolescent stage children are learning to be independent and they attempt to gain a sense of self. In the sixth and the seventh stages raft search relationships through family, friends and career. The last stage is one retrospection and contemplation. The central segment of the psychosocial theory of Erik Erikson is that of ego identity. This identity develops gradually through social interactions. alone the conflicts in the different stages of life lead to what is also bopn as ego quality or ego strength.While Erik Erikson developed the model of Sigmund Frued, Lawrence Kohlberg extended the theory of cognitive development of Jean Piaget. In Kohlbergs model there are three levels of moral development pre- constituted, conventional and post-conventional. Obedience, punishment and self-interest are the main preoccupations in the pre-conventional level.The central questions at this level are, How to avoid punishment? and What do I get from this? hearty norms and conforma tion to authority are the main concerns of the conventional stage. At this level people aspire to fulfil social roles. People are drive by approval and/or disapproval of the group that belong to. It becomes weighty for them to follow rules and conform to dictums and laws. Being accepted by the group is the just about alpha concern during this level. Universal laws and ethics are more important than group-based laws and ethics in the post-conventional stage. This stage is otherwise known as the principled level.At this stage laws are not considered to be rigid or irrevocable. They are thought to be social contracts that entail varied views and opinions. The keywords of Kohlbergs theory of moral development are obedience, self-interest, conformity, law and order, human rights and universal proposition human ethics.The mental stages of Kohlbergs theory of moral development are designed to meet certain criteriaOn a qualitative level, they are different ways of thinking.They are st ructured wholes.The progress of the stages is an invariant sequence.They are hierarchical.They are universal across cultures.Kohlberg uses these stages to explain other cognitive forms, especially the ability to take roles. In the pre-conventional stage children do not know that there are other point of views on every subject. They accept the viewpoint only of the authority figure. They recognize different opinions and viewpoints in the second stage but gravitate towards those views that they themselves hold. People become concerned with the feelings of others during the third and fourthly stages. During the last two stages their worldview expands to include people from other communities and groups. They can send with the opinions and feelings of other people because no law considered absolute and give. Law is a construct and a contract.Kohlbergs theory has been used in statement to help children become active participants in their own moral development. Children are encouraged to discuss and debate moral issues and reach to conclusions on their own. ace of the major criticisms of this theory lies with post-conventional stage. Critics have felt that it would be dangerous for people to place their individual values over group values and would be disruptive to communities. Carol Gilligan criticises the theory on the basis that it is totally antheral oriented and the women have a different path of moral development. antheral development emphasizes authority while women emphasize affiliation.Erikson and Kohlberg have both provided important theories that expand on the theories of their predecessors. Eriksons theory emphasizes social interactions while Kohlbergs theory emphasises individual ideas and rights. Eriksons ego identity finds fruition in a life of social interactions while Kohlbergs ego identity transcends itself and group identities. The latter attributes only normative value to laws and dictums.REFERENCESErikson, E.H. (1968). Identity younker an d Crisis. New York Norton.Erikson, E.H. (1963). Childhood and Society. (2nd ed.). New York Norton.Carver, C.S. & Scheir, M.F. (2000). Perspectives on Personality. Needham Heights, MA Allyn & Bacon.Kohlberg, Lawrence (1981). Essays on deterrent example Development, Vol. I The Philosophy of Moral Development. San Francisco, CA Harper & Row.