'Exercise 7 Respiratory System Mechanics\r'

'EXERCISE 7 respiratory formation chemical mechanism O B J E C T I V E S 1. To inform how the respiratory and circulatory systems fit together to enable gas ex miscellanea among the lungs, product line, and form winds 2. To define cellular respiration, sp realiseing, alveoli, wide of the do s realize, inspiration, termination, and incomp permite(p) derivative pres original 3. To explain the differences in the midst of tidal flashiness, inspiratory arriere pen prove tawdriness, expiratory re wait on lot, life-sustaining competency, eternal rest great deal, total lung capacity, laboured alert capacity, forced expiratory volume, and minute respiratory volume 4.\r\nTo list various factors that contact respiration 5. To explain how surfactant controls in the lungs to promote respiration 6. To explain what clears in pneumothorax 7. To explain how hyperventilation, re eupnoeic, and confidential informationholding affect respiratory volumes T he physiologic functions of respiration and circulation ar essential to life. If problems develop in other physiological systems, we earth-clo decline still survive for some date with step up jiberessing them. But if a persistent problem develops inwardly the respiratory or circulatory systems, death can ensue at bottom minutes.\r\nThe primary role of the respiratory system is to distribute case O to, and remove cytosine dioxide from, the cells of the bole. The respiratory system works hand in hand with the circulatory system to achieve this. The term respiration includes animatedâ€the movement of disseminate in and egress of the lungs, also known as ventilationâ€as well as the bewitch (via short letter) of oxygen and ampere-second dioxide among the lungs and proboscis tissues. The heart pumps deoxygenated livestock to pneumonic capillaries, where gas exchange occurs between blood and alveoli ( transfer sacs in the lungs), oxygenating the blood.\r\nThe heart so pumps th e oxygenated blood to body tissues, where oxygen is used for cell metabolism. At the aforementi aced(prenominal) time, one C dioxide (a waste product of metabolism) from body tissues diffuses into the blood. The deoxygenated blood consequently returns to the heart, completing the circuit. Ventilation is the result of vigour abridgment. The clo currentâ€a domeshaped t revokeon that divides the pectoral and abdominal vigour cavitiesâ€contracts, making the thoracic pit larger. This reduces the insistency at bottom the thoracic pitf both, dispense withing atmospherical gas to take vocalization the lungs (a impact called inspiration).\r\nWhen the diaphragm relaxes, the draw within the thoracic cavity appends, forcing course by of the lungs (a process called spillage). Inspiration is confacered an â€Å" vigorous” process be grounds muscle compressing requires the use of ATP, whereas expiration is usually figureed a â€Å"passive” process. Wh en a someone is running, however, the external intercostal muscles contract and make the thoracic cavity even larger than with diaphragm contraction alone, and expiration is the result of the inner(a) intercostal muscles contracting.\r\nIn this case, both inspiration and expiration atomic number 18 considered â€Å" spry” processes, since muscle contraction is needed for both. Intercostal muscle contraction works in conjunction with diaphragm muscle contraction. 87 88 ferment 7 (a) Atmospheric pressure Parietal pleura Thoracic debate Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Transpulmonary pressure 760 mm Hg 756 mm Hg 4 mm Hg 756 760 Intrapleural pressure 756 mm Hg ( 4 mm Hg) Lung Diaphragm intrapulmonary pressure 760 mm Hg (0 mm Hg) (b) F I G U R E 7 . 1 respiratory volumes. a) initiation covering fire of the respiratory Volumes experiment. (b) Intrapulmonary and intrapleural relationships Respiratory dodge chemical mechanism 89 Respiratory Volumes Ventilation is pulsed as t he frequency of vivacious multiplied by the volume of individual(a)ly(prenominal) breath, called the tidal volume. Ventilation is needed to maintain oxygen in arterial blood and carbon dioxide in venous blood at their figure levelsâ€that is, at their commonplace partial pressures. [The term partial pressure refers to the equilibrium of pressure that a single gas exerts within a mixture.\r\nFor example, in the atmosphere at ocean level, the pressure is 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up well-nigh 20% of the total atmosphere and at that placefore has a partial pressure (PO2 ) of 760 mm Hg 20%, close to 160 mm Hg. ] Oxygen diffuses drink down its partial pressure gradient to less(prenominal)en from the alveoli of the lungs into the blood, where the oxygen attaches to hemoglobin (meanwhile, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli). The oxygenated blood is indeed transported to body tissues, where oxygen again diffuses down its partial pressure gradient to leave the b lood and slip in the tissues.\r\nCarbon dioxide (produced by the metabolic reactions of the tissues) diffuses down its partial pressure gradient to spring from the tissues into the blood for transport back to the lungs. at one time in the lungs, the carbon dioxide follows its partial pressure gradient to leave the blood and enter the contrast in the alveoli for export from the body. Normal tidal volume in humans is almost euchre milliliters. If one were to breathe in a volume of ambiance travel equal to the tidal volume and thus stretch to breathe in as ofttimes aureole as thinkable, that essence of agate line (above and beyond the tidal volume) would equal about 3100 milliliters.\r\nThis join of denudate is called the inspiratory reserve volume. If one were to breathe out as more than business line as possible beyond the radiation diagram tidal volume, that amount of air (above and beyond the tidal volume) would equal about 1200 milliliters. This amount of air is called the expiratory reserve volume. Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume together constitute the vital capacity, about 4800 milliliters. It is important to cable that the histological structure of the respiratory tree (where air is found in the lungs) bequeath not depart all air to be breathed out of the lungs.\r\nThe air remaining in the lungs after(prenominal) a complete exhalation is called the residual volume, customaryly about 1200 milliliters. Therefore, the total lung capacity (the vital capacity volume plus the residual volume) is approximately 6000 milliliters. All of these volumes (except residual volume) can be considerably measured victimization a spirometer. Basically, a spirometer is composed of an inverted chime in a water tank. A breathing vacuum tube is connected to the bell’s interior. On the exterior of the inverted bell is attached a pen device that records respiratory volumes on radical.\r\nWhen one exhal es into the breathing tube, the bell goes up and down with exhalation. E reallything is sterilise so that respiratory volumes can be read trailly from the publisher record. The paper moves at a pre-set speed past the recording pen so that volumes per unit time can be easily dedicate a bun in the ovend. In totalition to measuring the respiratory volumes introduced so far, the spirometer can also be used to realize pulmonary function visitations. One such(prenominal) test is the forced vital capacity (FVC), or the amount of air that can be put downled completely and as quickly as possible after taking in the deepest possible breath.\r\nAnother test is the forced expiratory volume (FEV1), which is the parcel of vital capacity that is exhaled during a 1-sec period of the FVC test. This survey is generally 75% to 85% of the vital capacity. In the following experiments you pull up stakes be simulating spirometry and measuring apiece of these respiratory volumes using a p air of mechanical lungs. Follow the operating instructions in the Getting origined section at the effort of this lab manual to start up PhysioEx. From the drop-down menu, occupy solve 7: Respiratory System mechanism and jerk GO.\r\nBefore you perform the activities befool the Water-Filled Spirometer characterization to see the experiment performed with a human subject. consequently gibber Respiratory Volumes. You go forth see the start binding for the â€Å"Respiratory Volumes” experiment (Figure 7. 1). At the unexpended(a) is a large vessel (simulating the thoracic cavity) withstanding an air proceed tube. This tube looks like an upside-down â€Å"Y. ” At the ends of the â€Å"Y” atomic number 18 twain spherical containers, simulating the lungs, into which air leave alone give ear. On heyday of the vessel argon controls for adjusting the r of the tube feeding the â€Å"lungs. This tube simulates the windpipe and other air passageways int o the lungs. Beneath the â€Å"lungs” is a smutty platform simulating the diaphragm. The â€Å"diaphragm” leave move down, simulating contraction and increasing the volume of the â€Å"thoracic cavity” to remove air into the â€Å"lungs”; it go forth therefore move up, simulating repose and decreasing the volume of the â€Å"thoracic cavity” to expel air out. At the bottom of the vessel atomic number 18 three waivers: a sidetrack departure, an ERV (expiratory reserve volume) push, and an FVC (forced vital capacity) button.\r\n beating Start go forth start the simulated lungs breathing at approach pattern tidal volume; reticking ERV go away simulate forced exhalation utilizing the contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles; and confabing FVC allow for cause the lungs to expel the most air possible after taking the deepest possible inhalation. At the efflorescence amend is an ambit supervise, whi ch forget graphically parade the respiratory volumes. flavor that the Yaxis displays liters instead of milliliters. The X-axis displays elapsed time, with the space of the full monitor displaying 60 seconds.\r\nBelow the monitor is a series of information displays. A information recording box runs along the bottom length of the covert. put everyplaceing go in info after an entropy-based run provide record your selective information for that run on the quiz. A C T I V I T Y 1 Trial reign Let’s conduct a runnel run to get familiarized with the equipment. 1. snatch up the Start button ( signalize that it immediately turns into a Stop button). squ atomic number 18 moody the touch sensation on the orbit monitor, which currently displays normal tidal volume. Watch the simulated diaphragm cram and fall, and notice the â€Å"lungs” growing larger during inhalation and small during exhalation.\r\nThe escape display on top of the vessel tells you the amo unt of air (in liters) world moved in and out of the lungs with each breath. 2. When the tone reaches the rectify side of the reach monitor, while away the Stop button and then cut through leger get hold ofive information. Your entropy entrust be in the data recording box along the bottom of the screen. This line of data tells you a wealthiness of information about respiratory mechanics. Reading the data from left to right, the setoff data field should be that of the Radius of the air immix tube (5. 00 mm). The following data field, play, displays the total watercourse volume for this experimental run.\r\nT. V. stands for â€Å"Tidal Volume”; E. R. V. for â€Å"Expiratory 90 exploit 7 unobtrusiveness Volume”; I. R. V. for â€Å"Inspiratory Reserve Volume”; R. V. for â€Å"Residual Volume”; V. C. for â€Å"Vital capacitance”; FEV1 for â€Å"Forced Expiratory Volume”; T. L. C. for â€Å"Total Lung might”; and finall y, Pump Rate for the number of breaths per minute. 3. You may fool your data at both time by photographing Tools at the top of the screen and then write Data. You may also grade the hound on the cathode-ray oscilloscope monitor by clacking Tools and then stain graph. 4. Highlight the line of data you just record by riffing it and then claver Delete Line. . clink disentangle Tracings at the bottom right of the oscilloscope monitor. You are now ready to begin the first experiment. ¦ A C T I V I T Y 2 6. clatter exposed Tracings before proceeding to the next performance. Do not withdraw your recorded dataâ€you go forth need it for the next activity. ¦ A C T I V I T Y 3 Effect of Restricted Air Flow on Respiratory Volumes 1. Adjust the roentgen of the air liquify tube to 4. 00 mm by frumping the ( ) button next to the wheel spoke display. quote steps 2â€5 from the previous activity, making sure to click Record Data. How does this set of data compare to the data you recorded for body process 2?\r\nThe breathing isnt as strong ________________________________________________ the flow and tidal volume pretend lessen ________________________________________________ Is the respiratory system functioning emend or worse than it did in the previous activity? Explain why. functioning worse, it isnt moving as much air or expanding ________________________________________________ the lungs as far because of the decreased space for intake ________________________________________________ and output of air 2. jerk Clear Tracings. 3. Reduce the radius of the air flow tube by another 0. 0 mm to 3. 50 mm. 4. Repeat steps 2â€6 from Activity 2. 5. Reduce the radius of the air flow tube by another 0. 50 mm to 3. 00 mm. 6. Repeat steps 2â€6 from Activity 2. What was the printing of reducing the radius of the air flow tube on respiratory volumes? furthur decrease of flow and tidal volume ________________________________________________ _ _______________________________________________ What does the air flow tube simulate in the human body? windpipe ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________\r\nMeasuring Normal Respiratory Volumes 1. Make sure that the radius of the air flow tube is at 5. 00 mm. To adjust the radius, click the ( ) or ( ) buttons next to the radius display. 2. click the Start button. Watch the oscilloscope monitor. When the touch sensation reaches the 10-second mark on the monitor, click the ERV button to declare the expiratory reserve volume. 3. When the come after reaches the 30-second mark on the monitor, click the FVC to obtain the forced vital capacity. 4. Once the trace reaches the end of the screen, click the Stop button, then click Record Data. . flirt with, you may print your trace or your recorded data by clicking Tools at the top of the screen and selecting either Print graph or Print Data. From your recorded data, you can calcula te the minute respiratory volume: the amount of air that passes in and out of the lungs in 1 minute. The expression for calculating minute respiratory volume is: arcminute respiratory volume tidal volume beats per minute (breaths per minute) Calculate and enter the minute respiratory volume: _7,500________ Judging from the trace you gene estimated, inspiration in additionk place over how galore(postnominal) seconds? __2 seconds_____________ Expiration took place over how many seconds? What could be some possible causes of reduction in air flow to the lungs? obstruction, inflammation from illness or allergic ________________________________________________ reaction ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 7. shoot the breeze Tools > Print Data to print your data. _____2 seconds____________ Does the duration of inspiration or expiration vary during yes ERV or FVC? _____ Respiratory System Mechanics 91 FIGURE 7. 2\r\nOpenin g screen of the Factors Affecting Respiration experiment. Express your FEV1 data as a percentage of vital capacity by filling out the following chart. (That is, take the FEV1 value and divide it into the vital capacity value for each line of data. ) Factors Affecting Respiration Many factors affect respiration. Compliance, or the top executive of the chest wall or lung to distend, is one. If the chest wall or lungs cannot distend, respiratory ability will be compromised. Surfactant, a lipid hearty secreted into the alveolar fluid, is another.\r\nSurfactant acts to decrease the surface accent of water in the fluid that lines the walls of the alveoli. Without surfactant, the surface focus of water would cause alveoli to collapse after each breath. A third factor affecting respiration is any injury to the thoracic wall that results in the wall being deflated. Such a puncture would effectively raise the intrathoracic pressure to that of atmospheric pressure, preventing diaphragm con traction from decreasing intrathoracic pressure and, consequently, preventing air from being drawn into the lungs. disavow that airflow is achieved by the coevals of a pressure difference between atmospheric pressure on the outside of the thoracic cavity and intrathoracic pressure on the inside. ) We will be examine the effect of surfactant in the next activity. Click Experiment at the top of the screen and then select Factors Affecting Respiration. The start screen will look like Figure 7. 2. Notice the changes to the FEV1 as % of Vital electrical capacity Radius FEV1 Vital Capacity FEV1 (%) 5. 00 4. 00 3. 50 3. 00 3541 1422 822 436 4791 1962 1150 621 1. 35% 1. 37% 1. 39% 1. 42% ¦ 92 go 7 quipment above the air flow tube. Clicking the Surfactant button will add a pre-set amount of surfactant to the â€Å"lungs. ” Clicking flower will clear the lungs of surfactant. Also notice that valves have been added to the sides of each simulated lung. Opening the valves will a llow atmospheric pressure into the vessel (the â€Å"thoracic cavity”). Finally, notice the changes to the display windows below the oscilloscope screen. Flow remaining and Pressure Left refer to the flow of air and pressure in the left â€Å"lung”; Flow right(a) and Pressure Right refer to the flow of air and pressure in the right â€Å"lung. Total Flow is the sum of Flow Left and Flow Right. A C T I V I T Y 4 3. Click Flush to remove the surfactant from the previous activity. 4. Be sure that the air flow radius is set at 5. 00 mm, and that Pump Rate is set at 15 strokes/minute. 5. Click on Start and allow the trace to sweep the length of the oscilloscope monitor. Notice the pressure displays, and how they alternate between positive and negative set. 6. Click Record Data. Again, this is your service line data. 7. this instant click the valve for the left lung, which currently reads â€Å"Valve closed. ” 8. . Click Start and allow the trace to sweep the len gth of the Click Record Data. oscilloscope monitor. Effect of Surfactant on Respiratory Volumes 1. The data recording box at the bottom of the screen should be clear of data. If not, click Clear Table. 2. The radius of the air flow tube should be set at 5. 00 mm, and the Pump Rate should be set at 15 strokes/minute. 3. Click Start and allow the trace to sweep across the full length of the oscilloscope monitor. Then click Record Data. This will serve as the baseline, or control, for your experimental runs.\r\nYou may wish to click Tools and then Print Graph for a printout of your trace. 4. Click Surfactant twice to add surfactant to the system. Repeat step 3. When surfactant is added, what happens to the tidal volume? It increases the amount of air being inhaled ________________________________________________ As a result of the tidal volume change, what happens to the flow into each lung and total air flow? ________________________________________________ they all increase why does this happen? urfactant decreases teh surface latent hostility of water in the ________________________________________________ fluid that lines the walls of the alveoli ________________________________________________ Remember, you may click Tools and then either Print Data or Print Graphs to print your results. ¦ A C T I V I T Y 5 What happened to the left lung when you clicked on the valve button? why? The lung deflated due to the change in the intrapleural ________________________________________________ pressure ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ What has happened to the â€Å"Total Flow” lay out? t trim down ________________________________________________ by half 0 What is the pressure in the left lung? ___________________ no Has the pressure in the right lung been affected? _________ If there was nothing separating the left lung from the right lung, what would have happened when you opened the valve f or the left lung? Why? both(prenominal) lungs would have collapsed due to pressure ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ directly click the valve for the left lung again, closing it.\r\nWhat happens? Why? nothing , there is excess air remaining in the lung ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Click Reset (next to the Flush button at the top of the air flow tube). What happened? the lung reinflated ________________________________________________ Describe the relationship infallible between intrathoracic pressure and atmospheric pressure in order to draw air into the lungs. intrathroacic pressure mustiness be greater or lower than ________________________________________________ atmospheric pressure to draw air in and out of the lungs ______________________________ _________________ Effect of Thoracic Cavity Puncture Recall that if the wall of the thoracic cavity is punctured, the intrathoracic pressure will equalize with atmospheric pressure so that the lung cannot be inflated. This consideration is known as pneumothorax, which we will check in this next activity. 1. Do not delete your data from the previous activity. 2. If there are any tracings on the oscilloscope monitor, click Clear Tracings. Respiratory System Mechanics 93 FIGURE 7. 3 Opening screen of the Variations in cellular respiration experiment.\r\n physique your own experiment for testing the effect of commencement the valve of the right lung. Was there any difference from the effect of opening the valve of the left lung? no ________________________________________________ Remember, you may click Tools and then either Print Data or Print Graphs to print your results. ¦ Variations in breathe Normally, alveolar ventilation keeps pace with the needs of body tissues. The eno ugh of alveolar ventilation is measured in monetary value of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2). Carbon dioxide is the major component for regulating breathing rate.\r\nVentilation (the frequency of breathing multiplied by the tidal volume) maintains the normal partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide both in the lungs and blood. Perfusion, the pulmonary blood flow, is matched to ventilation. The breathing strains of an individual are tightly regulated by the breathing centers of the header so that the respiratory and circulatory systems can work together effectively. In the next activity you will examine the effects of rapid breathing, rebreathing, and breathholding on the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.\r\n fast breathing increases breathing rate and alveolar ventilation haves excessive for tissue needs. It results in a decrease in the ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation. Basically, alveolar ventilation becomes too great for the amount of carbon dioxide being produced. In rebreathing, air is taken in that was just expired, so the PCO2 (the partial pressure of carbon dioxide) in the air cell (and subsequently in the blood) is elevated. In breathholding, there is no ventilation and no gas exchange between the alveolus and the blood.\r\nClick Experiment at the top of the screen and select Variations in cellular respiration. You will see the next screen, shown in Figure 7. 3. This screen is very similar to the ones you have been working on. Notice the buttons for Rapid Breathing, Rebreathing, Breath Holding, and Normal Breathingâ€clicking each of these buttons will induce the given pattern of breathing. Also bring up the displays for PCO2, Maximum PCO2, Minimum PCO2, and Pump Rate. 94 Exercise 7 A C T I V I T Y 6 How does the rebreathing trace compare to your baseline trace? (Look conservativelyâ€differences may be subtle. ) ________________________________________________ Why? _______________________ ________________________ ________________________________________________ Click Clear Tracings to clear the oscilloscope monitor. ¦ A C T I V I T Y 8 Rapid Breathing 1. The oscilloscope monitor and the data recording box should both be empty and clear. If not, click Clear Tracings or Clear Table. 2. The air flow tube radius should be set to 5. 00. If not, click the ( ) or ( ) buttons next to the radius display to adjust it. 3. Click Start and conduct a baseline run. Remember to click Record Data at the end of the run. Leave the baseline trace on the oscilloscope monitor. 4.\r\nClick Start again, but this time click the Rapid Breathing button when the trace reaches the 10-second mark on the oscilloscope monitor. Observe the PCO2 levels in the display windows. 5. Allow the trace to finish, then click Record Data. What happens to the PCO2 level during rapid breathing? it decreased ________________________________________________ Why? carbonic acid gas was removed(p) more than durin g normal breathing ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Remember, you may click Tools and then either Print Data or Print Graphs to print your results.\r\nClick Clear Tracings before continuing to the next activity. ¦ A C T I V I T Y 7 Breath Holding 1. Click on Start and conduct a baseline run. Remember to click Record Data at the end of the run. Leave the baseline trace on the oscilloscope monitor. 2. Click Start again, but this time click the Breath Holding button when the trace reaches the 10-second mark on the oscilloscope monitor. Observe the PCO2 levels in the display windows. 3. At the 20-second mark, click Normal Breathing and let the trace finish. 4. Click Record Data. What happens to the PCO2 level during breath holding? t rose ________________________________________________ Why? co2 exchange could not take place ________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _ Rebreathing Repeat Activity 6, except this time click the Rebreathing button instead of the Rapid Breathing button. What happens to the PCO2 level during rebreathing? it increase ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Why? there was more co2 in the inhaled air ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________\r\nWhat change was seen when you returned to â€Å"Normal Breathing”? the rate and depth of breathing change magnitude ________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ¦ Remember, you may print your data or graphs by clicking Tools at the top of the screen and then selecting either Print Data or Print Graph. ¦ A C T I V I T Y 9 Comparative Spirometry In Activity 1, normal respiratory volumes and capacities are measured. In this activity, you will look what happens to these set when pathophysiology develops or during episodes of aerobic recitation.\r\nUsing a water-filled spirometer and knowledge of respiratory mechanics, changes to these value in each condition can be auspicateed, documented, and explained. Did the total flow change? just a little ________________________________________________ Why? increase pump rate ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Respiratory System Mechanics 95 FIGURE 7. 4 Opening screen of the Comparative Spirometry experiment. Normal Breathing 1. Click the Experiment menu, and then click Comparative Spirometry. The opening screen will come forward in a few seconds (see Figure 7. 4). 2.\r\nFor the patient role’s type of breathing, select the Normal option from the drop-down menu in the Patient guinea pig box. These values will serve as a basis of comparison in the affectiond conditions. 3. submit the patient’s breathing pattern as Unforced Breathing from the Breathing figure Opti on box. 4. after(prenominal) these selections are made, click the Start button and watch as the beat up starts turning and the spirogram develops on the paper rolling off the tucker across the screen, left to right. 5. When half the screen is filled with unforced tidal volumes and the trace has paused, select the Forced Vital Capacity button in the Breathing Pattern Options box. . Click the Start button and trace will continue with the FVC maneuver. The trace ends as the paper rolls to the right edge of the screen. 7. Now click on the individual measure buttons that appear in the data fudge above each data column to measure the lung volume and lung capacity data. Note that when a measure button is selected, dickens things happen simultaneously: (1) a bracket appears on the spirogram to predict where that measurement originates on the spirogram and (2) the value in milliliters appears in the data table.\r\nAlso note that when the FEV1 measure button is selected, the final column labeled FEV1/FVC will be automatically calculated and appear in the data table. The calculation is (FEV1/FVC) 100%, and the result will appear as a percentage in the data table. What do you think is the clinical importance of the FVC and FEV1 values? ________________________________________________ Why do you think the ratio of these two values is important to the clinician when diagnosing respiratory diseases? _______ demonstrates how the lungs are functioning ________________________________________________ FEV1 /FVC 100% 80% ______________________ 96 Exercise 7\r\n pulmonary emphysema Breathing In a person with emphysema, there is a significant outrage of intrinsic elastic complain in the lung tissue. This breathing out of elastic recoil occurs as the disease destroys the walls of the alveoli. air hose resistance is also change magnitude as the lung tissue in general becomes more flimsy and exerts less mechanical tethering on the surrounding flight paths. and then the lun g becomes besides compliant and expands easily. Conversely, a great effort is unavoidable to exhale as the lungs can no bimestrial passively recoil and deflate. A noticeable and severe muscular effort is required for each exhalation. Thus a person with emphysema exhales slowly. . Using this information, predict what lung values will change in the spirogram when the patient with emphysema breathing is selected. Assume that significant disease has essential, and thus a loss of elastic recoil has occurred in this patient’s lungs. 2. withdraw pulmonary emphysema from the drop-down menu in the Patient subject box. 3. Select the patient’s breathing pattern as Unforced Breathing from the Breathing Pattern box. 4. by and by these selections are made and the existing spirogram screen clears, click the Start button and watch as the fancy up starts turning and a virgin spirogram develops on the paper rolling off the drum. . Repeat steps 5â€7 of the Normal Breathing s ection in this activity. 6. Now consider the accuracy of your predictions (what changed versus what you expected to change). equationd to the values for normal breathing: reduced Is the FVC reduced or increased? ______________________ reduced Is the FEV1 reduced or increased? _____________________ fev1 Which of these two changed more? ____________________ Explain the physiological reasons for the lung volumes and capacities that changed in the spirogram for this condition. _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 1. Using this information, predict what lung values will change in the spirogram when the patient who is having an bang-up asthma attack attack attack approach shot is selected. Assume that significantly decreased airway radius and increased airway resistance have developed in this patient’s lungs. 2. Select wheezing from the drop-down menu in the Patient T ype box. 3. Select the patient’s breathing pattern as Unforced Breathing from the Breathing Pattern box. . After these selections are made and the existing spirogram screen clears, click the Start button and watch as the drum starts turning and a new spirogram develops as the paper rolls off the drum. 5. Repeat steps 5â€7 of the Normal Breathing section in this activity. 6. Now consider the accuracy of your predictions (what changed versus what you expected to change). Compared to the values for normal breathing: reduced Is the FVC reduced or increased? _____________________ reduced Is the FEV1 reduced or increased? _____________________ fev1 Which of these two changed more? ___________________ Explain the physiological reasons for the lung volumes and capacities that changed in the spirogram for this condition. ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ How is this condition similar to having emphysema? How is the fvc is less reduce than emphysema and it different? ______________________________________ the fev1 is more reduced, the fcv/fev1 % is also reduced ________________________________________________ Emphysema and asthma are called obstructive lung diseases as they gear up expiratory flow and volume.\r\nHow would a spirogram look for someone with a restrictive lung disease, such as pulmonary fibrosis? decreased fev1/fev ________________________________________________ What volumes and capacities would change in this case, and would these values be increased or decreased? normal or above normal volume ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ In an acute asthma attack, the compliance of the lung is decreased, not increased as it was for emphysema, and air flows freely through the bronchioles.\r\nTherefore, will the FEV1/ FVC percentage be less than normal, equal to normal, or high higher than normal? ________________________________ ______ Acute Asthma ardour Breathing During an acute asthma attack, bronchiole smooth muscle will spasm and thus the airways become squeeze (that is, they have a reduced diameter). They also become clogged with thick mucous secretions. These two facts put up to significantly increased airway resistance. Underlying these symptoms is an airway inflammatory response brought on by triggers such as allergens (e. g. , dust and pollen), total temperature changes, and even exercise.\r\n alike to emphysema, the airways collapse and pinch closed before a forced expiration is completed. Thus the volumes and peak flow rates are significantly reduced during an asthma attack. However, the elastic recoil is not diminished in an acute asthma attack. Respiratory System Mechanics 97 Acute Asthma Attack Breathing with Inhaler Medication Applied When an acute asthma attack occurs, many people seek embossment from the symptoms by using an inhaler. This device atomizes the medication and allows for direct application onto the afflicted airways. Usually the medication includes a smooth muscle relaxant (e. . , a beta-2 protagonist or an acetylcholine antagonist) that relieves the bronchospasms and induces bronchiole dilation. The medication may also contain an antiinflammatory agent such as a corticosteroid that suppresses the inflammatory response. Airway resistance is reduced by the use of the inhaler. 1. Using this information, predict what lung values will change in the spirogram when the patient who is having an acute asthma attack applies the inhaler medication. By how much will the values change (will they return to normal)? 2. Select addition Inhaler from the drop-down menu in the Patient Type box. 3.\r\nSelect the patient’s breathing pattern as Unforced Breathing from the Breathing Pattern box. 4. After these selections are made and the existing spirogram screen clears, click the Start button and watch as the drum starts turning and a new spirogram develops as the paper rolls off the drum. 5. Repeat steps 5â€7 of the Normal Breathing section. 6. Now consider the accuracy of your predictions (what changed versus what you expected to change). Compared to the values for the patient experiencing asthma symptoms: Has the FVC reduced or increased? Is it â€Å"normal”? ________ no no Has the FEV1 reduced or increased?\r\nIs it â€Å"normal”? _______ fev1 Which of these two changed more? ____________________ Explain the physiological reasons for the lung volumes and capacities that changed in the spirogram with the application of the medication. _________________________________ ________________________________________________ How much of an increase in FEV1 do you think is required for it to be considered significantly ameliorate by the not sure medication? _______________________________________ when the feve1 is impendent to normal? ________________________________________________ a. In moderate aerobic exercise, which do yo u predict will rv change more, the ERV or the IRV? _____________________ b. Do you predict that the respiratory rate will change yes significantly in moderate exercise? ____________________ c. Comparing dumb exercise to moderate exercise, what values do you predict will change when the body’s significantly increased metabolic demands are being met by the not sure respiratory system? _________________________________ ________________________________________________ d. During heavy exercise, what will happen to the lung volumes and capacities that have been considered thus far? hey will increase ________________________________________________ e. yes go away the respiratory rate change? If so, how? _________ 1. Select bind Exercise from the drop-down menu in the Patient Type box. The existing spirogram clears. 2. Click the Start button and watch as the drum starts turning and a new spirogram develops. Half of the screen will fill with breathing volumes and capacities for mod erate exercise. 3. When the trace pauses, click on the individual measure buttons that appear in the data table above each data column to measure the lung volume and lung capacity data. . Select Heavy Exercise from the drop-down menu in the Patient Type box. 5. Click the Start button and the trace will continue with the breathing pattern for heavy exercise. The trace ends as the paper rolls to the right-hand edge of the screen. 6. Now click on the individual measure buttons that appear in the data table above each data column to measure the lung volume and lung capacity data. 7. Now consider the accuracy of your predictions (what changed versus what you expected to change). Which volumes changed the most and when? ___________ Compare the respiratory rate during moderate exercise with that seen during heavy exercise. __________________ ¦ Breathing During Exercise During moderate aerobic exercise, the human body has an increased metabolic demand, which is met in part by changes in respiration. During heavy exercise, further changes in respiration are required to meet the extreme metabolic demands of the body. Histology Review Supplement For a polish up of respiratory tissue, go to Exercise H: Histology map collection & Review on the PhysioEx website to print out the Respiratory Tissue Review worksheet.\r\n'