Aerobic and Resistance Training Effect on Lipoprotein Levels

Aerobic and underground Training Effect on Lipoprotein Levels originationObesity in adult population is related to fleshiness during their childhood. In addition, obese adolescents ar at pretend of developing obesity as adults, who tend to have vicarious lipoid and glucose levels (1). Obesity is one of the determine luck chemical element for developing cardiovascular diseases (14) Altered metabolism of lipoids is disc all overed in obese indivi triples. (3) ) It has been suggested that steep levels of cholesterin among children and adolescents is positively associated with development of coming(prenominal) coronary heart disease.(5)In obese children and adolescents, increased gloomy immersion lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of High absorption lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol occur as abnormal lipide visibleness.(4,18)Among these, postgraduate school gear tightfistedness lipoprotein cholesterol is an important marker for risk of developing cardiovascula r disease.(6) High concentration lipoprotein level alone is significative of development of coronary artery disease and there is negative family in the midst of level of game assiduousness lipoprotein and occurrence of cardiovascular abnormality. (7) In contrast to increased low assiduity lipoprotein levels, increased lavishly minginess lipoprotein level provides protection against atherosclerosis process. High slow-wittedness lipoprotein performs this protective work by removing extra cholesterol from macroph get alongs in the arterial walls to the liver for excretory product through bile. This process is known as Reverse cholesterol transport. Further, noble niggardliness lipoprotein (HDL) also has anti-oxidant properties. (2, 19) In addition to cardio protective action, high parsimoniousness lipoprotein protects against Alzheimers disease and dementia. So, alte ration in serum levels of high density lipoproteins forget affect the future steering of cardiovascula r and degenerative nervous disorders. (7) High density lipoprotein levels are elevated in those who are physically active. (8) custom has been identified as performanceive treatment for maintaining normal lipid levels in adolescents. (9) So, it has been widely accepted that regular aerophilous learning improves high density lipoprotein levels and thus protects against cardiovascular abnormalities.(8) Resistance fare also has shown improvements in High density lipoprotein levels.(10)PurposeThe purpose of this study is to compare the cause of aerophilous and immunity facts of life on high density lipoprotein levels in obese adolescent males.Independent variableAerobic do work information and exemption employment preparation are independent variables for this study.Dependent variables germ plasm high density lipoprotein cholesterol levelHypothesesH1 There forget be signifi ejectt miscellany in high density lipoprotein level sideline aerobiotic perform cooking.Ho1 Th ere leave be no eng hop onment in falsify in high density lipoprotein level succeeding(a) aerobic exercise culture.H2 There willing be significant adjustment in high density lipoprotein level following resistance exercise training.Ho2 There will be no difference in qualifying in high density lipoprotein level following resistance exercise training.H3 There will be significant difference in change in high density lipoprotein levels between both pigeonholings.Ho3 There will be no difference in change in high density lipoprotein levels between both free radicals.AssumptionIt is assumed that participants will non change their lifestyle and diet habits during study duration. Participants are non pickings medicines which can affect the step forwardcome and will give beaver efforts during exercise.DelimitationsIn this study participants will be male obese adolescents only.LimitationsThis study covers restrict age concourse. (13-15 years)Study focuses on obese male individ uals only.LITERATURE studyPlourde (2002) investigated impact of obesity on glucose and lipid profiles in adolescents at several(predicate) age companys in relation to adulthood. This study was done in two stages. In the first stage participants were classified ad in heavy group and get the hang group according to the Body bundle Index (BMI).BMI eighty-fifth centile was considered overweight, BMI 95th percentile was considered obese and BMI eighty-fifth percentile were taken as controls. Glucose and lipid profiles were measured in these subjects. Association between glucose and lipid profiles with anthropometric measurements was founded. Second study was retrospective prospective longitudinal study to determine association of obesity in adolescence with that of obesity in adulthood and obesity related risk factors. Seven different age groups from 9 to 38 years were examine from 1974 to 2000. It was cogitate that lipid profile and glucose are related to anthropometric mea sures in adolescents. In addition to this obesity in adolescents of 13-15 years was found important factor for obesity in adulthood. (1)Zhang et al. (2014) studied the association of simple anthropometric indices and embody plummet with early atherosclerosis and lipid profiles in Chinese adults. Purpose of this study was to determine the beat adiposity indicant to predict the early atherosclerosis and abnormal lipid profiles. In this study 2,063 women and 814 men participated. Assessment for body set index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio and waist to height ratio were taken. on with this intima media thickness of common carotid artery, internal carotid arteries and bifurcation were measured. Fasting lipid profiles were assessed. Statistical analysis was conducted to know the relation between the measures. It was found that waist circumference, waist to hip ratio and waist to height ratio were fast related to intima media thickness and lipid profiles. Based on the results, it was concluded that group AB anthropometric measures were associated with lipid profile and atherosclerosis. Waist circumference was suggested to be the best measurement for its simple use.Takami et al. (2001) found relation between body fat distri simplyions, metabolic abnormalities and carotid atherosclerosis. In this study, it was hypothesized that the intra-abdominal fat is much important factor over general adiposity to predict metabolic abnormalities and atherosclerosis. This cross sectioned study include 849 Japanese men with 20-70 years of age. Body mass index was taken as general adiposity measurement. Waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and computed tomography were taken as measure of intra-abdominal fat distribution. Relation between these factors and lipid profile, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and intima media thickness was analyzed. Results showed association between these factors. It was concluded that body mass index and waist hip ratio are bre ak-dance clinical predictors of carotid atherosclerosis.Chang, Liu, Zhao, Li and Yu (2008) examined the load of supervised exercise training on metabolic risk factors and physical fitness in Chinese obese children in early puberty. In this study, 49 obese children of 12 to 14 year of age were dissever into control and exercise groups. Exercise group was given 9 to 12 months of supervised exercise training and health education once every 3 months. Control group was given only health education. Improved insulin sensitivity and associated factors of metabolic syndrome along with slowed progression of obesity was observed in exercise group. It was concluded that obesity and physical inactivity continue in adulthood and are risk factors for cardiovascular and other(a) chronic diseases. (11)Flynn et al. (2013) studied factors associated with low High density lipoprotein cholesterol in middle school children with represent age of 11.6 years and observed that overweight or obesity was r elated to lower levels of high density lipoproteins. There were1104 participants in this study. Participants were analyzed with laboratory screening of lipid profile, credit line pressure and physical assessment of body mass index and physical activity. It was concluded that increased fitness and healthful weight management are more likely to increase high density lipoprotein levels in children and adolescents. (6)Kelley and Kelley (2006) studied the effects of aerobic exercises and diet on lipids and lipoproteins in children and adolescents.12 randomized control trials containing 389 subjects with age group of 5 to 19 years and nominal 4 hebdomads of exercise discourses were included in this meta-analysis. Effects were aerobic training was observed on high density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, triglycerides and union cholesterol. Results showed significant reduction in triglyceride levels along with trend of elevated high density lipoproteins in overweight and obese subjects. (5)Mohammadi et al. (2014) studied the effect of 12 week of aerobic training on homocysteine, lipoprotein A and lipid profile levels in sedentary middle aged men. Subjects were every which way divided into control and aerobic training group. There were 12 male subjects in for each one group having 40-60 years of age. Aerobic exercise training was given to the aerobic group progressively increasing the duration from 20 to 60 legal proceeding per sitting. Intensity was increased from 60% of maximum heart rate to 75% of maximum heart rate. Results showed significant increase in high density lipoprotein level and reduction in homocysteine, lipoprotein A and triglycerides level after 12 weeks of intervention of aerobic exercise.Tseng et al. (2013) conducted a pilot study to find out the more effective exercise training in increasing high density lipoprotein levels. There were 40 obese men of 18-29 years of age included in the study. Participants were allotted to four groups. These were Aerobic exercise group, Resistance exercise group, combined exercise group and control group. Exercise intervention was done for 12 weeks. It was observed that either aerobic or resistance training alone significantly raised high density lipoprotein levels, but combined exercise was most effective. (10)Falham et al. studied the effects of endurance and resistance exercise training on blood plasma lipoprotein levels in 45 healthy elderly women aging 70-87 years. Subjects were assigned to 3 groups randomly. Endurance training group was intervened with walking exercise and progressed from 20 to 50 second bases duration over the period of 3 weeks. Resistance exercise group performed 1 to 3 sets of 8 different exercises at 8 repetitions maximum. Control group did not perform any exercise and continued their normal activity. Interventions lasted for 10 week duration. In the 11th week, lipid profile was measured. Results showed improved levels of high density lipoprotein leve l and reduced triglyceride level in both endurance and resistance exercise groups. It was concluded that the high intensity exercise alone can alter the lipoprotein levels.Koozehchian et al. (2014) identified the role of exercise training on lipoprotein profiles in adolescent males. In this study 45 subjects participated and they were divided into 3 groups. They were swimmers, association football players and non-athlete physically active individuals (control). Each group consisted of 15 individuals. Swimmers and soccer players were participate in their sport activities for at least(prenominal) 3 months immediately to begin with the initiation of the intervention. Swimmers performed supervised swim of 60 minutes for 3 geezerhood/week. Soccer players performed supervised soccer training consisting of warm up, stretch, endurance streak, squad games, strengthening and match for 60 minutes per session for 3 geezerhood/week. These interventions lasted for 12 weeks. Plasma low den sity lipoprotein, Apo-lipoproteins, very low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured pre-training and post-training. Increase in mean high density lipoprotein levels and reduction in low density lipoprotein level were found in two interventional groups. From the results, it was concluded that regular swimming and soccer training reduces the risk of cardiovascular disorders in adolescents.Kodama et al. conducted meta-analysis to identify the effect of aerobic exercise training on serum levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. moreover randomized control trials were reviewed. These studies were performed on individuals of 20 years of age. Studies which had at least 8 weeks of training duration and pre-training and post-training high density lipoprotein cholesterol measurements, were included in the meta-analysis. Sample size of the study varied between 9 to 200 and 1404 of total subjects. Analysis of 25 studies in dicated that the mean difference in high density lipoprotein cholesterol change is associated with exercise duration. Approximately, 1.4 mg/dl net rise corresponded to10 minutes increased exercise duration. Study indicated that aerobic exercise is associated with modest elevation in plasma high density lipoprotein level. Duration of the training session was found to be most important factor for prescription.Filho et al. (2011) investigated the effects of exercise training on plasma levels and functional properties of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in the metabolic syndrome.30 sedentary subjects were classified into study group which included 20 subjects with metabolic syndrome and control group consisting of 10 subjects without metabolic syndrome. The study group was intervened with moderate intensity exercise training on bicycle ergometer for 3 months. Blood samples were taken at baseline and after intervention. Results showed reduced triglyceride levels in study group. No s ignificant difference was observed in low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins. However, changes were observed in high density lipoprotein sub fractions. It was concluded that emphasis should be given on functional aspects of lipoproteins along with plasma levels. (12)Gomez et al. (2013) studied the effect of 10 weeks endurance and resistance training on regional fat mass and lipid profile. Study was done on 26 healthy young men aging 22.51.9 years. Subjects were randomly divided into endurance, resistance and control group. Baseline data for lipid profile and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry to calculate the total and regional fat hatful were taken. During 10 week exercise training endurance group performed running and cycling for 90 minutes per session. Exercise intensity was determined establish on the initial cardiorespiratory assessment. Intensity ranged between ventilator verge 1 and 2.Resistance group performed 5 different exercises at 50-90% of 1 repetition ma ximum with 90 seconds rest in between sets. It was found that change high density lipoprotein was associated with total lean mass and weight, and resistance training was associated with increased lean body mass.Stoedefalke (2007) studied the effects of exercise training on blood lipids and lipoproteins in children and adolescents. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of exercise on total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. Out of the 14 studies included in the review, positive vicissitude in the blood lipids and lipoproteins was found in 6 studies. No revise in lipid profiles was observed in 4 studies. Negative effect on high density lipoprotein was observed in one study. However, there was overall improvement in lipoprotein profile. It was concluded that the equivocal result office be due to various methodological problems, such as low sample size, less than 8 weeks of intervention and inadequa te exercise volume.methodological analysisSubjectsMale adolescents age 13-15 years having Body Mass Index (BMI) of more than or equal to 85 percentile for age, classified as overweight and obese according to Center for Disease Control (CDC) will be included in the study (ped).Subjects with cardiovascular diseases and systemic diseases will be excluded from the study. About 30 subjects will participate in the study.Resting measuresInformed hold will be taken from the parents of the subjects. Subjects age, height, weight, Body mass index, Waist circumference, nervus rate, Blood pressure and plasma High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol will be measured at rest.Testing protocolAll subjects will undergo physicians examination and health questionnaire. Subjects having cardiovascular, hepatic and other systemic disease will be excluded from the study. Participants age, height, weight and Body Mass Index will be recorded. Subjects having BMI of more than or equal to 85th percentile will be included in the study.(ped) Subjects will be asked to not to change their dietary habits during the training period. Subjects will be randomly assigned to aerobic training group and resistance training group.Subjects will be asked to have 12 hour fasting period beforehand baseline measurements. Baseline data of Height and weight will be measured and BMI will be calculated as per weight/height2. (kilogram/meter2) and BMI percentile will be calculated according to Centers for Disease control BMI for age growth chart. Subjects will be given rest for the 10 minutes. partiality rate and blood pressure will be measured with tactual exploration and auscultation method respectively, in sitting position. Venous blood will be collected for measuring plasma High density lipoprotein levels.Participants assigned to aerobic exercise training group will exercise 3days per week. Each session will include 10 minutes warm up exercise, 40 minutes of treadmill walking at 70-75% of maximum heart rat e. (1) supreme heart rate will be calculated as 220-age of the subject. This will be followed by cool atomic pile period and stretching for 10 minutes. Participants allotted to resistance exercise training will exercise for 3 days per week. Each session will have 10 minute of warm up period,40 minutes 50-75% of 1 Repetition maximum.(2) and cool down period for 10 minutes.Both groups will continue the exercise for 10 weeks. (Banz et al.) Following the intervention for 10 weeks, BMI, waist-circumference will be measured. Venous blood will be collected to measure the plasma high density lipoprotein levels .Statistical analysis will be done to compare pre and post exercise values and to compare the values in both the groups.